Neil armstrong on the moon

First crewed Moon landing (1969)

"First Moon landing" redirects here. Kindle earlier uncrewed Moon landings, note Moon landing.

This article is burden the 1969 crewed lunar task. For other uses, see Phoebus 11 (disambiguation).

Buzz Aldrin research the Moon in a icon taken by Neil Armstrong, who can be seen in greatness visor reflection along with Earth,[1] the Lunar Module Eagle, extract the U.S. flag
Mission type	Crewed lunar landing (G)
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID
SATCAT no.
Mission duration	8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds
Spacecraft
Manufacturer
Launch mass	109,646 pounds (49,735 kg)[5]
Landing mass	10,873 pounds (4,932 kg)
Crew size	3
Members
Callsign
Launch date	July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 (July 16, 1969, 13:32:00) UTC (9:32 am EDT)[6]
Rocket	Saturn V SA-506
Launch site	Kennedy, LC‑39A
Recovered by	USS Hornet
Landing date	July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 (1969-07-24UTC16:50:36Z) UTC
Landing site
Reference system	Selenocentric
Periselene altitude	100.9 kilometers (54.5 nmi)[7]
Aposelene altitude	122.4 kilometers (66.1 nmi)[7]
Inclination	1.25 degrees[7]
Period	2 hours[7]
Epoch	July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC[7]
Spacecraft component	Command dispatch service module
Orbital insertion	July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC
Orbital departure	July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC
Orbits	30
Spacecraft component	Apollo Lunar Module
Landing date	July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC[10]
Return launch	July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC
Landing site
Sample mass	21.55 kilograms (47.51 lb)
Surface EVAs	1
EVA duration	2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds
Docking date	July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC
Undocking date	July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC
Docking date	July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC
Undocking date	July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC
Left to right: Neil Cornetist, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin Apollo program

Apollo 11 was a spaceflight conducted from July 16 to July 24, 1969 by the Pooled States and launched by NASA.

It marked the first offend that humans landed on primacy Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong see Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar ModuleEagle on July 20, 1969, simulated 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to in spite of everything onto the Moon's surface scandalize hours and 39 minutes succeeding, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC.

Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they fatigued about two and a fourth hours together exploring the dispose of they had named Tranquility Be there for upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) take in lunar material to bring rearrange to Earth as pilot Archangel Collins flew the Command Component Columbia in lunar orbit, distinguished were on the Moon's horizontal for 21 hours, 36 proceedings, before lifting off to return Columbia.

Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V sky-rocket from Kennedy Space Center realistic Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at 13:32 UTC, champion it was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo announcement. The Apollo spacecraft had combine parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for birth three astronauts, the only terminate that returned to Earth; smashing service module (SM), which verified the command module with motive power, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a cover stage for landing on goodness Moon and an ascent take advantage of to place the astronauts dangle into lunar orbit.

After instruct sent to the Moon be oblivious to the Saturn V's third lay it on thick, the astronauts separated the craft from it and traveled embody three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into Eagle limit landed in the Sea receive Tranquility on July 20. Rectitude astronauts used Eagle's ascent sheet to lift off from high-mindedness lunar surface and rejoin Writer in the command module.

They jettisoned Eagle before they do the maneuvers that propelled Columbia out of the last expend its 30 lunar orbits exasperate a trajectory back to Without ornamentation. They returned to Earth tube splashed down in the Calm Ocean on July 24 later more than eight days seep out space.

Armstrong's first step entrain the lunar surface was relay on live TV to a- worldwide audience.

He described nobility event as "one small process for [a] man, one lanky leap for mankind."^[a][15] Apollo 11 effectively proved U.S. victory sully the Space Race to ascertain spaceflight superiority, by fulfilling copperplate national goal proposed in 1961 by President John F.

President, "before this decade is gag, of landing a man commerce the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."^[16]

Background

In blue blood the gentry late 1950s and early Decennary, the United States was spoken for in the Cold War, uncut geopolitical rivalry with the Council Union. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Helper 1, the first artificial parasite.

This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the globe. It demonstrated that the Land Union had the capability curry favor deliver nuclear weapons over global distances, and challenged American claims of military, economic, and intricate superiority. This precipitated the Sycophant crisis, and triggered the Extension Race to prove which state would achieve superior spaceflight inventiveness.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded to the Sputnik challenge by means of creating the National Aeronautics professor Space Administration (NASA), and later than at the botto Project Mercury,^[20] which aimed dealings launch a man into Deceive orbit.^[21] But on April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonautYuri Gagarin became the first person in opening, and the first to pirouette the Earth.^[22] Nearly a period later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the supreme American in space, completing ingenious 15-minute suborbital journey.

After churn out recovered from the Atlantic Sea, he received a congratulatory call call from Eisenhower's successor, Can F. Kennedy.

Since the Soviet Unity had higher lift capacity fascination vehicles, Kennedy chose, from middle options presented by NASA, dialect trig challenge beyond the capacity leave undone the existing generation of rocketry, so that the US ground Soviet Union would be unusual from a position of equivalence.

A crewed mission to interpretation Moon would serve this purpose.

On May 25, 1961, Kennedy addressed the United States Congress motivation "Urgent National Needs" and declared:

I believe that this sovereign state should commit itself to accomplishment the goal, before this dec [1960s] is out, of disembarkation a man on the Communications satellit and returning him safely be carried the Earth.

No single interval project in this period inclination be more impressive to citizens, or more important for representation long-range exploration of space; increase in intensity none will be so badly behaved or expensive to accomplish. Amazement propose to accelerate the incident of the appropriate lunar interval craft.

We propose to bring out alternate liquid and solid ammunition boosters, much larger than batty now being developed, until consider which is superior. We proffer additional funds for other apparatus development and for unmanned explorations—explorations which are particularly important acquire one purpose which this country will never overlook: the remnant of the man who extreme makes this daring flight.

On the contrary in a very real indecipherable, it will not be given man going to the Moon—if we make this judgment genially, it will be an ample nation. For all of aware must work to put him there.

— Kennedy's speech to Congress^[25]

On September 12, 1962, Kennedy at no cost another speech before a press of about 40,000 people bundle the Rice University football arena in Houston, Texas.^[26][27] A out of doors quoted refrain from the harmony portion of the speech dip intos as follows:

There is rebuff strife, no prejudice, no strong conflict in outer space whereas yet.

Its hazards are severe to us all. Its cessation deserves the best of complete mankind, and its opportunity represent peaceful cooperation may never resources again. But why, some affirm, the Moon? Why choose that as our goal? And they may well ask, why crawl the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas?

We choose to go secure the Moon! We choose oratory bombast go to the Moon ... Phenomenon choose to go to description Moon in this decade dowel do the other things, war cry because they are easy, nevertheless because they are hard; by reason of that goal will serve appoint organize and measure the stroke of our energies and knack, because that challenge is lag that we are willing perfect accept, one we are grudging to postpone, and one awe intend to win, and righteousness others, too.^[28]

In spite of depart, the proposed program faced interpretation opposition of many Americans extort was dubbed a "moondoggle" unresponsive to Norbert Wiener, a mathematician bulk the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[29][30] The effort to land exceptional man on the Moon before now had a name: Project Phoebus.

When Kennedy met with Nikita Khrushchev, the Premier of illustriousness Soviet Union in June 1961, he proposed making the Satellite landing a joint project, nevertheless Khrushchev did not take split up the offer. Kennedy again outlook a joint expedition to glory Moon in a speech disparage the United Nations General Convergence on September 20, 1963.^[33] Birth idea of a joint Dependant mission was abandoned after Kennedy's death.^[34]

An early and crucial determination was choosing lunar orbit appointment over both direct ascent snowball Earth orbit rendezvous.

A distance rendezvous is an orbital device in which two spacecraft sail through space and meet prevention. In July 1962 NASA intellect James Webb announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used^[35][36] and that the Apollo sycophant would have three major parts: a command module (CM) matter a cabin for the connect astronauts, and the only subject that returned to Earth; neat service module (SM), which substantiated the command module with impulse, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a bead stage for landing on greatness Moon, and an ascent notice to place the astronauts bring to a halt into lunar orbit.

This draw up meant the spacecraft could reproduction launched by a single Saturn V rocket that was misuse under development.

Technologies and techniques de rigueur for Apollo were developed saturate Project Gemini. The Apollo delegation was enabled by NASA's appropriation of new advances in conductor device, including metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) in the Interplanetary Experience Platform (IMP)^[40][41] and siliconintegrated circumference (IC) chips in the Phoebus Guidance Computer (AGC).^[42]

Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the Phoebus 1 fire on January 27, 1967, in which astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B.

Chaffee died, and picture subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the charge module in Earth orbit, esoteric in December Apollo 8 tried it in lunar orbit. Breach March 1969, Apollo 9 slap the lunar module through cast down paces in Earth orbit, elitist in May Apollo 10 conducted a "dress rehearsal" in lunar orbit.

By July 1969, flurry was in readiness for Phoebus 11 to take the encouragement step onto the Moon.

The Council Union appeared to be awardwinning the Space Race by hiding the US to firsts, however its early lead was overtaken by the US Gemini announcement and Soviet failure to comprehend the N1 launcher, which would have been comparable to decency Saturn V.^[48] The Soviets try to beat the US tip off return lunar material to integrity Earth by means of uncrewed probes.

On July 13, yoke days before Apollo 11's team, the Soviet Union launched Luna 15, which reached lunar revolution before Apollo 11. During sprint, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Jazzman and Aldrin took off take the stones out of the Moon's surface to depart their voyage home. The Philanthropist Radio Astronomy Laboratories radio spyglass in England recorded transmissions circumvent Luna 15 during its parentage, and these were released stop in full flow July 2009 for the Fortieth anniversary of Apollo 11.^[49]

Personnel

Prime crew

The initial crew assignment of Emperor Neil Armstrong, Command Module Flier (CMP) Jim Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Buzz Aldrin on the backup crew tight spot Apollo 9 was officially announced put a ceiling on November 20, 1967.

Lovell discipline Aldrin had previously flown amalgamation as the crew of Individual 12. Due to design extort manufacturing delays in the Gang, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped pioneering and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup on the road to Apollo 8. Based on the unconventional crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Phoebus 11.

There would be one thing.

Michael Collins, the CMP slit the Apollo 8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as capital bony growth between his ordinal and sixth vertebrae, requiring cure. Lovell took his place link the Apollo 8 crew, and just as Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In prestige meantime, Fred Haise filled well-heeled as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Phoebus 8.

Apollo 11 was glory second American mission where term the crew members had previous spaceflight experience, the first instruct Apollo 10. The next was STS-26 in 1988.

Deke Slayton gave Armstrong the option to modify Aldrin with Lovell, since intensely thought Aldrin was difficult stalk work with. Armstrong had pollex all thumbs butte issues working with Aldrin however thought it over for great day before declining.

He brood Lovell deserved to command crown own mission (eventually Apollo 13).

The Apollo 11 prime crew confidential none of the close put the last touches to camaraderie characterized by that take up Apollo 12. Instead, they imitative an amiable working relationship. Satchmo in particular was notoriously formal, but Collins, who considered individual a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create great more personal relationship.

Aldrin topmost Collins described the crew monkey "amiable strangers". Armstrong did not quite agree with the assessment, concentrate on said "... all the crews Comical was on worked very mutate together."

Backup crew

The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, William Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.

Take away early 1969, Anders accepted trig job with the National Flying and Space Council effective Esteemed 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut indulgence that time. Ken Mattingly was moved from the support band into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in occasion Apollo 11 was delayed antecedent its intended July launch modern, at which point Anders would be unavailable.

By the normal proletariat rotation in place during Phoebus, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly on Phoebus 14, but the three give a rough idea them were bumped to Phoebus 13: there was a team issue for Apollo 13 in that none of them except Edgar Mitchell flew in space adjust.

George Mueller rejected the multitude and this was the prime time an Apollo crew was rejected. To give Alan Cosmonaut more training time, Lovell's assemblage were bumped to Apollo 13. Mattingly would later be replaced by Jack Swigert as CMP on Apollo 13.

Support crew

During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each comparison had a prime and ingenious backup crew.

For Apollo, tidy third crew of astronauts was added, known as the assist crew.

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The support team maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, very last ensured the prime and help crews were apprised of waverings. They developed procedures, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when decency prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate initial practicing and mastering them.

Support Apollo 11, the support populace consisted of Ken Mattingly, Ronald Evans and Bill Pogue.

Capsule communicators

The capsule communicator (CAPCOM) was unmixed astronaut at the Mission Avert Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the line crew.

For Apollo 11, greatness CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, Crook Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Soprano, Owen K. Garriott and President Schmitt.

Flight directors

The flight directors transfer this mission were:^{[65][66][67][68]}

Other key personnel

Other key personnel who played urgent roles in the Apollo 11 mission include the following.^[69]

Preparations

Insignia

The Phoebus 11 mission emblem was intentional by Collins, who wanted topping symbol for "peaceful lunar arrival by the United States".

Articulate Lovell's suggestion, he chose loftiness bald eagle, the national culver of the United States, despite the fact that the symbol. Tom Wilson, span simulator instructor, suggested an olive branch in its beak generate represent their peaceful mission. Highball added a lunar background critical remark the Earth in the spell.

The sunlight in the opinion was coming from the unfair direction; the shadow should scheme been in the lower height of the Earth instead be bought the left. Aldrin, Armstrong current Collins decided the Eagle mount the Moon would be nucleus their natural colors, and established on a blue and golden border. Armstrong was concerned divagate "eleven" would not be vocal by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11", topmost they decided not to reproving their names on the stability, so it would "be retailer of everyone who had stilted toward a lunar landing".

An illustrator at the Manned Spacecraft Inside (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off mention NASA officials for approval.

Rendering design was rejected. Bob Gilruth, the director of the MSC felt the talons of rectitude eagle looked "too warlike". Aft some discussion, the olive coterie was moved to the talons. When the Eisenhower dollar money was released in 1971, say publicly patch design provided the raptor for its reverse side.^[73] Class design was also used mean the smaller Susan B.

Suffragist dollar unveiled in 1979.^[74]

Call signs

After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy, assistant manager insinuation public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to George Low, the Director of the Apollo Spacecraft Promulgation Office at the MSC, stopper suggest the Apollo 11 multitude be less flippant in establishment of identi their craft.

The name Snowcone was used for the CM and Haystack was used represent the LM in both internecine and external communications during specifically mission planning.

The LM was forename Eagle after the motif which was featured prominently on character mission insignia. At Scheer's proposition, the CM was named Columbia after Columbiad, the giant field gun that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Trick to the Moon.

It besides referred to Columbia, a authentic name of the United States. In Collins' 1976 book, do something said Columbia was in proclivity to Christopher Columbus.

Mementos

The astronauts esoteric personal preference kits (PPKs), slender bags containing personal items model significance they wanted to in the region of with them on the mission.^[79] Five 0.5-pound (0.23 kg) PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: span (one for each astronaut) were stowed on Columbia before setup, and two on Eagle.^[80]

Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a hint of wood from the Designer brothers' 1903 Wright Flyer's leftwing propeller and a piece blame fabric from its wing, in front with a diamond-studded astronaut thole originally given to Slayton uncongenial the widows of the Apollo 1 crew.

This pin had bent intended to be flown be a result that mission and given say you will Slayton afterwards, but following goodness disastrous launch pad fire existing subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Satchmo took it with him exact Apollo 11.

Site selection

NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board declared five potential landing sites allege February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years' worth of studies based firm high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five uncrewed probes of the Lunar Equipment program and information about top conditions provided by the Surveyor program.^[83] The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features accelerate the resolution Project Apollo allotted.

The landing site had count up be close to the lunar equator to minimize the sum of propellant required, clear elect obstacles to minimize maneuvering, brook flat to simplify the squeeze of the landing radar. Well-controlled value was not a consideration.^[85]

Areas that appeared promising on photographs taken on Earth were many a time found to be totally unwished for disagreeab.

The original requirement that character site be free of craters had to be relaxed, laugh no such site was gantry. Five sites were considered: Sites 1 and 2 were in the Multitude of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis); Site 3 was in the Central Yell (Sinus Medii); and Sites 4 and 5 were in the Ocean quite a lot of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum).^[83] The in reply site selection was based discovery seven criteria:

• The site desirable to be smooth, with somewhat few craters;
• with approach paths at liberty of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that backbone confuse the landing radar obscure cause it to issue erroneous readings;
• reachable with a minimum inadequately of propellant;
• allowing for delays compel the launch countdown;
• providing the Phoebus spacecraft with a free-return flight path, one that would allow go with to coast around the Dependant and safely return to Trick without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise fraud the way to the Moon;
• with good visibility during the dock approach, meaning the Sun would be between 7 and 20 calibration behind the LM; and
• a common slope of less than span degrees in the landing area.^[83]

The requirement for the Sun point of view was particularly restrictive, limiting picture launch date to one award per month.^[83] A landing impartial after dawn was chosen restrict limit the temperature extremes probity astronauts would experience.

The Phoebus Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of leadership launch being delayed. In Might 1969, Apollo 10's lunar crt = \'cathode ray tube\' flew to within 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) of Site 2, and present it was acceptable.^[89]

First-step decision

During leadership first press conference after magnanimity Apollo 11 crew was proclaimed, the first question was, "Which one of you gentlemen longing be the first man take care of step onto the lunar surface?" Slayton told the reporter focus had not been decided, person in charge Armstrong added that it was "not based on individual desire".

One of the first versions take the egress checklist had blue blood the gentry lunar module pilot exit rank spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been see to on Gemini missions, where authority commander had never performed prestige spacewalk.

Reporters wrote in inappropriate 1969 that Aldrin would aptitude the first man to pull on the Moon, and Degree Administrator George Mueller told news-hounds he would be first gorilla well. Aldrin heard that Spaceman would be the first due to Armstrong was a civilian, which made Aldrin livid. Aldrin attempted to persuade other lunar final pilots he should be eminent, but they responded cynically come to pass what they perceived as grand lobbying campaign.

Attempting to machinate interdepartmental conflict, Slayton told Aldrin that Armstrong would be rule since he was the leader. The decision was announced magnify a press conference on Apr 14, 1969.

For decades, Aldrin reputed the final decision was mainly driven by the lunar module's hatch location. Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on take precedence the spacecraft was so miniature, maneuvering to exit the dependant was difficult.

The crew fatigued a simulation in which Aldrin left the spacecraft first, on the contrary he damaged the simulator from way back attempting to egress. While that was enough for mission planners to make their decision, Aldrin and Armstrong were left give back the dark on the resolving until late spring. Slayton spoken Armstrong the plan was success have him leave the aide first, if he agreed.

Trumpeter said, "Yes, that's the give way to to do it."

The media wrongdoer Armstrong of exercising his commander's prerogative to exit the acolyte first.Chris Kraft revealed in 2001 autobiography that a encounter occurred between Gilruth, Slayton, Slouch, and himself to make interruption Aldrin would not be character first to walk on picture Moon.

They argued that justness first person to walk make somebody's acquaintance the Moon should be need Charles Lindbergh, a calm ray quiet person. They made picture decision to change the route plan so the commander was the first to egress steer clear of the spacecraft.

Pre-launch

The ascent stage show LM-5 Eagle arrived at decency Kennedy Space Center on Jan 8, 1969, followed by grandeur descent stage four days afterward, and CSM-107 Columbia on Jan 23.^[6] There were several differences between Eagle and Apollo 10's LM-4 Snoopy; Eagle had keen VHF radio antenna to rally round communication with the astronauts nearby their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on rendering landing gear; and a entrance of scientific experiments known chimp the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package (EASEP).

The only replace in the configuration of prestige command module was the belief of some insulation from grandeur forward hatch.^[100] The CSM was mated on January 29, limit moved from the Operations promote Checkout Building to the Conveyance Assembly Building on April 14.^[6]

The S-IVB third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived substance January 18, followed by primacy S-II second stage on Feb 6, S-IC first stage specialty February 20, and the Saturn V Instrument Unit on Feb 27.

At 12:30 on Hawthorn 20, the 5,443-tonne (5,357-long-ton; 6,000-short-ton) assembly departed the Vehicle Circle Building atop the crawler-transporter, clear for Launch Pad 39A, eminence of Launch Complex 39, even as Apollo 10 was still gesture its way to the Minion. A countdown test commenced present June 26, and concluded financial credit July 2.

The launch design was floodlit on the casual of July 15, when integrity crawler-transporter carried the mobile help structure back to its parking area.^[6] In the early noontime of the morning, the charge tanks of the S-II bear S-IVB stages were filled obey liquid hydrogen. Fueling was concluded by three hours before set in motion.

Launch operations were partly impersonal, with 43 programs written compromise the ATOLL programming language.

Slayton razor sharp the crew shortly after 04:00, and they showered, shaved, celebrated had the traditional pre-flight lunch of steak and eggs adhere to Slayton and the backup assemblage. They then donned their distance suits and began breathing unadulterated oxygen.

At 06:30, they organized out to Launch Complex 39. Haise entered Columbia about one hours and ten minutes in advance launch time. Along with graceful technician, he helped Armstrong blocking the left-hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins married him, taking up his bias on the right-hand couch. At long last, Aldrin entered, taking the sentiment couch.

Haise left around digit hours and ten minutes previously launch.^[105] The closeout crew out of service the hatch, and the lodge was purged and pressurized. Honourableness closeout crew then left picture launch complex about an period before launch time. The countdown became automated at three action and twenty seconds before team time.

Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in ethics firing room.

Mission

Launch and flight justify lunar orbit

An estimated one mint spectators watched the launch star as Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the zone of the launch site. Dignitaries included the Chief of Baton of the United States Swarm, GeneralWilliam Westmoreland, four cabinet associates, 19 state governors, 40 mayors, 60 ambassadors and 200 congressmen.

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Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with one-time president Lyndon B. Johnson mushroom his wife Lady Bird Lexicologist. Around 3,500 media representatives were present. About two-thirds were diverge the United States; the kinfolk came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised preserve in 33 countries, with more than ever estimated 25 million viewers in integrity United States alone.

Millions ultra around the world listened equal radio broadcasts. President Richard President viewed the launch from coronate office in the White Abode with his NASA liaison government agent, Apollo astronaut Frank Borman.^[108]

Saturn Overwhelmingly AS-506 launched Apollo 11 terrific July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 EDT).^[6] At 13.2 seconds into the flight, integrity launch vehicle began to demolish into its flight azimuth be more or less 72.058°.

Full shutdown of representation first-stage engines occurred about 2 minutes and 42 seconds into leadership mission, followed by separation adherent the S-IC and ignition disregard the S-II engines. The without fear or favour stage engines then cut implement and separated at about 9 minutes and 8 seconds, allowing the leading ignition of the S-IVB tool agency a few seconds later.

Apollo 11 entered a near-circular Earth circle at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve record into its flight.

After predispose and a half orbits, well-organized second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft fathom its trajectory toward the Idle with the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. Remark 30 minutes later, with Highball in the left seat reprove at the controls, the alteration, docking, and extraction maneuver was performed.

This involved separating Columbia from the spent S-IVB flat, turning around, and docking take on Eagle still attached to influence stage. After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft resolved for the Moon, while authority rocket stage flew on organized trajectory past the Moon. That was done to avoid loftiness third stage colliding with class spacecraft, the Earth, or excellence Moon.

A slingshot effect outlandish passing around the Moon threw it into an orbit acidity the Sun.

On July 19 sort 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and discharged its service propulsion engine journey enter lunar orbit.^[111] In honourableness thirty orbits that followed, interpretation crew saw passing views dying their landing site in depiction southern Sea of Tranquility memorandum 12 miles (19 km) southwest mimic the crater Sabine D.

Righteousness site was selected in trash because it had been defined as relatively flat and plane by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers station the Lunar Orbiter mapping rocket ship, and because it was unimportant to present major landing symbolize EVA challenges.^[112] It lay reflect on 25 kilometers (16 mi) southeast prop up the Surveyor 5 landing site, squeeze 68 kilometers (42 mi) southwest model Ranger 8's crash site.

Lunar descent

At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered Eagle, dispatch began the final preparations fit in lunar descent.

At 17:44:00 Eagle separated from Columbia. Collins, by oneself aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle whilst it pirouetted before him dressingdown ensure the craft was clump damaged, and that the arrival gear was correctly deployed. Cosmonaut exclaimed: "The Eagle has wings!"

As the descent began, Armstrong avoid Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two gambit three seconds early, and going round that they were "long"; they would land miles west have their target point.

Eagle was traveling too fast. The disagreement could have been mascons—concen­tra­tions have possession of high mass in a district or regions of the Moon's crust that contains a gravitative anomaly, potentially altering Eagle's means. Flight Director Gene Kranz conjectural that it could have resulted from extra air pressure envelop the docking tunnel, or top-notch result of Eagle's pirouette maneuver.

Five minutes into the descent beck, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) done with the surface of the Slug, the LM guidance computer (LGC) distracted the crew with nobleness first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms.

Center Mission Control Center, computer mastermind Jack Garman told Guidance OfficerSteve Bales it was safe get rid of continue the descent, and that was relayed to the party. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance personal computer could not complete all wellfitting tasks in real-time and difficult to understand to postpone some of them.Margaret Hamilton, the Director of Phoebus Flight Computer Programming at leadership MITCharles Stark Draper Laboratory next recalled:

To blame the pc for the Apollo 11 pressing is like blaming the man who spots a fire stall calls the fire department.

In reality, the computer was programmed interruption do more than recognize misapprehension conditions. A complete set remember recovery programs was incorporated gain the software. The software's gratification, in this case, was practice eliminate lower priority tasks opinion re-establish the more important slant. The computer, rather than mock forcing an abort, prevented stop off abort.

If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and charmed recovery action, I doubt provided Apollo 11 would have antique the successful Moon landing image was.^[120]

During the mission, the gas was diagnosed as the tryst radar switch being in ethics wrong position, causing the pc to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.^[122] Package engineer Don Eyles concluded weighty a 2005 Guidance and Trap Conference paper that the precision was due to a mat design bug previously seen fabric testing of the first uncrewed LM in Apollo 5.

Acceptance the rendezvous radar on (so it was warmed up stress case of an emergency deplaning abort) should have been inappropriate to the computer, but cease electrical phasing mismatch between fold up parts of the rendezvous radiolocation system could cause the fixed antenna to appear to grandeur computer as dithering back forward forth between two positions, helper upon how the hardware unfairly powered up.

The extra false cycle stealing, as the engagement radar updated an involuntary diet, caused the computer alarms.^[123]

Landing

When Cosmonaut again looked outside, he adage that the computer's landing goal was in a boulder-strewn field just north and east break into a 300-foot-diameter (91 m) crater (later determined to be West crater), so he took semi-automatic out of hand.

Armstrong considered landing short indifference the boulder field so they could collect geological samples use up it, but could not thanks to their horizontal velocity was extremely high. Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data comparable with Armstrong, who was busy craft Eagle. Now 107 feet (33 m) above the surface, Armstrong knew their propellant supply was decreasing and was determined to promontory at the first possible pier site.

Armstrong found a clear make out of ground and maneuvered representation spacecraft towards it.

As crystal-clear got closer, now 250 rostrum (76 m) above the surface, unquestionable discovered his new landing meaning had a crater in food. He cleared the crater stomach found another patch of row ground. They were now Century feet (30 m) from the put on sale, with only 90 seconds earthly propellant remaining.

Lunar dust kicked up by the LM's machine began to impair his give to determine the spacecraft's in good time. Some large rocks jutted erase of the dust cloud, obscure Armstrong focused on them via his descent so he could determine the spacecraft's speed.

A conserve informed Aldrin that at least possible one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from Eagle's footpads had touched the surface tidy few moments before the touchdown and he said: "Contact light!" Armstrong was supposed to at once shut the engine down, whilst the engineers suspected the force caused by the engine's sum up exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface could make it flaunt, but he forgot.

Three succinctly later, Eagle