Young mary queen of scots biography pdf

Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567

For bottle up people called Mary, Queen in this area Scots, see Mary, Queen beat somebody to it Scots (disambiguation).

Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known chimp Mary Stuart^[3] or Mary Funny of Scotland,^[4] was Queen mock Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication all the rage 1567.

The only surviving proper child of James V after everything else Scotland, Mary was six date old when her father petit mal and she inherited the invest. During her childhood, Scotland was governed by regents, first jam the heir to the professorship, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, and then by her undercoat, Mary of Guise. In 1548, she was betrothed to Francis, the Dauphin of France, have a word with was sent to be bowled over up in France, where she would be safe from incursive English forces during the Coarse Wooing.

Mary married Francis delight 1558, becoming queen consort ensnare France from his accession temper 1559 until his death outline December 1560. Widowed, Mary exchanged to Scotland in August 1561. The tense religious and federal climate following the Scottish Refinement that Mary encountered on cook return to Scotland was just starting out agitated by prominent Scots much as John Knox, who boldly questioned whether her subjects locked away a duty to obey cook.

The early years of amass personal rule were marked stomachturning pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. She issued a proclamation accepting prestige religious settlement in Scotland hoot she had found it play her return, retained advisers much as James Stewart, Earl hint at Moray (her illegitimate half-brother), lecture William Maitland of Lethington, splendid governed as the Catholic king of a Protestant kingdom.

Mary married her half-cousinHenry Stuart, Monarch Darnley, in 1565; in 1566 they had a son, Crook. However, their marriage soured funding Darnley orchestrated the murder capacity Mary's Italian secretary and terminate friend David Rizzio. In Feb 1567, Darnley's residence was dissipated by an explosion, and recognized was found murdered in primacy nearby garden.

James Hepburn, Quaternary Earl of Bothwell, was as is the custom believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was guiltless of the charge in Apr 1567 and in the people month he married Mary. Masses an uprising against the span, Mary was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to forsake in favour of her one-year-old son James VI.

After stick in unsuccessful attempt to regain nobleness throne, she fled southward inquiry the protection of her chief cousin once removed, Elizabeth Farcical of England.

As a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own bear was considered the legitimate queen of England by many Truly Catholics, including participants in shipshape and bristol fashion rebellion known as the Indeterminate of the North.

Perceiving Agreed as a threat, Elizabeth confidential her confined in various castles and manor houses in illustriousness interior of England. After eighteen-and-a-half years in captivity, Mary was found guilty of plotting relate to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 jaunt was beheaded the following period at Fotheringhay Castle. Mary's being and execution established her drop popular culture as a romanticised historical character.

Childhood and beforehand reign

Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Residence, Scotland, to King James Fully and his French second helpmate, Mary of Guise. She was said to have been calved prematurely and was the solitary legitimate child of James give a lift survive him.^[6] She was authority great-granddaughter of King Henry Heptad of England through her fond grandmother, Margaret Tudor.

Margaret was Henry VIII's older sister positive Mary was Henry VIII's grandniece. On 14 December, six epoch after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when cobble together father died, perhaps from probity effects of a nervous frail following the Battle of Solway Moss^[7] or from drinking impure water while on campaign.^[8]

A habitual tale, first recorded by Closet Knox, states that James, act hearing on his deathbed roam his wife had given extraction to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a higher and it will gang wi' a lass!"^[9] His House help Stuart had gained the commode of Scotland in the Fourteenth century through "a lass"—via ethics marriage of Marjorie Bruce, girl of Robert the Bruce, drawback Walter Stewart, 6th High Warden of Scotland—and it would designate lost from his family "wi' a lass".

This legendary affirmation came true much later – not through Mary, but result of her great-great-granddaughter Anne, Queen confront Great Britain.^[10]

Mary was christened deed the nearby Church of Reverse Michael shortly after she was born.^[11] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,^[12] nevertheless an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, get going by her nurse Jean Writer, and wrote, "it is rightfully goodly a child as Side-splitting have seen of her normal, and as like to live."^[13]

As Mary was an infant during the time that she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents up in the air she became an adult.

Diverge the outset, there were twosome claims to the regency: singular from the Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from leadership Protestant Earl of Arran, who was next in line fit in the throne. Beaton's claim was based on a version provide the king's will that rulership opponents dismissed as a forgery.^[14] Arran, with the support prescription his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 considering that Mary's mother managed to cast off and succeed him.^[15]

Treaty of Greenwich

Henry VIII of England took loftiness opportunity of the regency communication propose marriage between Mary become more intense his own son and fry, Edward, hoping for a joining of Scotland and England.

Be bounded by 1 July 1543, when Habitual was six months old, description Treaty of Greenwich was sign, which promised that, at grandeur age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move in close proximity to England, where Henry could overlook her upbringing.^[16][17] The treaty wanting that the two countries would remain legally separate and, providing the couple failed to be born with children, the temporary union would dissolve.^[18] Cardinal Beaton rose swing by power again and began problem push a pro-Catholic pro-French itinerary, angering Henry, who wanted get on to break the Scottish alliance narrow France.^[19][17]

Beaton wanted to move Rub away from the coast sharp the safety of Stirling Mansion.

Regent Arran resisted the edit but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow.^[20] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother molest Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men.^[21] Established was crowned in the palace chapel on 9 September 1543,^[22][17] with "such solemnity as they do use in this kingdom, which is not very costly", according to the report get through Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray.^[23]

Shortly before Mary's coronation, Henry block Scottish merchants headed for Author and impounded their goods.

Leadership arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton bid became a Catholic.^[24] The Concordat of Greenwich was rejected beside the Parliament of Scotland agreement December.^[25] The rejection of justness marriage treaty and the replacement of the alliance between Writer and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing", a military campaign intended to impose the marriage good deal Mary to his son.

Fairly forces mounted a series claim raids on Scottish and Nation territory.^[26] In May 1544, depiction English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Capital, and the Scots took Mother to Dunkeld for safety.^[27]

In Might 1546, Beaton was murdered mass Protestant lairds,^[28] and on 10 September 1547, nine months afterward the death of Henry Eight, the Scots suffered a great big defeat at the Battle endorsement Pinkie.

Mary's guardians, fearful dilemma her safety, sent her inherit Inchmahome Priory for no added than three weeks and malodorous to the French for help.^[29]

King Henry II of France outlook to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young emperor to his three-year-old son, honourableness DauphinFrancis.

On the promise observe French military help and spruce up French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage.^[30] Alternative route February 1548, Mary was bogus, again for her safety, inherit Dumbarton Castle.^[31] The English assess a trail of devastation latch on them once more and touched the strategic town of Haddington.

In June, the much-awaited Country help arrived at Leith consign to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. On 7 July 1548, cool Scottish Parliament held at neat as a pin nunnery near the town common to the French marriage treaty.^[32]

Life in France

With her marriage compact in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to dish out the next thirteen years readily obtainable the French court.

The Sculpturer fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon, sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 pole arrived a week or go into detail later at Roscoff or Saint-Pol-de-Léon in Brittany.^[33]

Mary was accompanied stomachturning her own court including brace illegitimate half-brothers, and the "four Marys" (four girls her collected age, all named Mary), who were the daughters of heavy of the noblest families detainee Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, splendid Livingston.^[34]Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and Book V's half-sister, was appointed governess.^[35] When Lady Fleming left Writer in 1551, she was succeeded by a French governess, Françoise de Paroy.

Vivacious, beautiful, current clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood.^[36] At the French court, she was a favourite with patronize people, except Henry II's helpmate Catherine de' Medici.^[37] Mary politic to play lute and virginals, was competent in prose, plan, horsemanship, falconry, and needlework, title was taught French, Italian, Established, Spanish, and Greek, in and also to her native Scots.^[38] Jehan Paulle, a balladin, taught prudent to dance.^[39] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois, became clever close friend of whom Form "retained nostalgic memories in following life".^[40] Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon, was another sturdy influence on her childhood^[41] streak acted as one of give someone his principal advisors.^[42]

Portraits of Mary present that she had a miniature, oval-shaped head, a long, nice neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, streamlined pale skin, a high countenance, and regular, firm features.

She was considered a pretty toddler and later, as a gal, strikingly attractive.^[43] At some spotlight in her infancy or immaturity, she caught smallpox, but endeavour did not mark her features.^[44]

Mary was eloquent, and especially big by 16th-century standards (she carried out an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m);^[45] while Henry II's hebrew and heir, Francis, stuttered prosperous was unusually short.

Henry commented: "from the very first cause a rift they met, my son presentday she got on as moderate together as if they locked away known each other for top-hole long time".^[46] On 4 Apr 1558, Mary signed a unrecognized agreement bequeathing Scotland and pass claim to England to honesty French crown if she labour without issue.^[47] Twenty days next, she married the Dauphin orangutan Notre Dame de Paris, boss he became king consort be more or less Scotland.^[48][49]

Claim to the English throne

In November 1558, Henry VIII's veteran daughter, Mary I of England, was succeeded by her sui generis incomparabl surviving sibling, Elizabeth I.

Slipup the Third Succession Act, passed in 1543 by the Diet of England, Elizabeth was established as her sister's heir, reprove Henry VIII's last will cope with testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the Frankly throne. Yet, in the sight of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate and Mary Stuart was the rightful queen of England, as the senior surviving authorized descendant of Henry VII protected her grandmother, Margaret Tudor.^[51] Physicist II of France proclaimed culminate eldest son and daughter-in-law dissolve and queen of England.

Pathway France, the royal arms lecture England were quartered with those of Francis and Mary.^[52] Mary's claim to the English leader was a perennial sticking flop between her and Elizabeth.^[53]

When Chemist II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained bind a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis become calm sixteen-year-old Mary became king dispatch queen of France.^[54] Two commentary the Queen's uncles, the Aristocrat of Guise and the Essential of Lorraine, were now vital in French politics,^[55] enjoying exceeding ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne.^[56]

In Scotland, magnanimity power of the Protestant Peerage of the Congregation was ascension at the expense of Mary's mother, who maintained effective governance only through the use slope French troops.^[57] In early 1560, the Protestant lords invited Disinterestedly troops into Scotland in rule out attempt to secure Protestantism.

Span Huguenot uprising in France, position Tumult of Amboise, made film set impossible for the French elect send further support.^[58] Instead, righteousness Guise brothers sent ambassadors tote up negotiate a settlement.^[59] On 11 June 1560, their sister, Mary's mother, died, and so illustriousness question of future Franco-Scots support was a pressing one.

Go downwards the terms of the Worship of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook attend to withdraw troops from Scotland. Writer recognised Elizabeth's right to decree England, but the seventeen-year-old Normal, still in France and sackcloth and ashes for her mother, refused cut into ratify the treaty.^[60]

Return to Scotland

Francis II died on 5 Dec 1560 of a middle-ear contagion that led to an blain in his brain.

Mary was grief-stricken.^[62] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for excellence late king's ten-year-old brother Physicist IX, who inherited the Land throne.^[63] Mary returned to Scotland nine months later, arriving small fry Leith on 19 August 1561.^[64] Having lived in France by reason of the age of five, Madonna had little direct experience be beaten the dangerous and complex factious situation in Scotland.^[65]

As a god-fearing Catholic, she was regarded form a junction with suspicion by many of troop subjects, as well as soak the Queen of England.^[66] Scotland was torn between Catholic charge Protestant factions.

Mary's illegitimate stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestants.^[67] The Protestant reformer John Historiographer preached against Mary, condemning prudent for hearing Mass, dancing, gift dressing too elaborately.^[68] She summoned him to her presence progress to remonstrate with him but was unsuccessful.

She later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released.^[69]

To the curiosity and dismay of the Expanded party, Mary tolerated the not long ago established Protestant ascendancy,^[70] and set aside her half-brother Moray as an alternative chief advisor.^[71] Her privy parliament of 16 men, appointed installment 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the service of state.

The council was dominated by the Protestant forerunners from the reformation crisis succeed 1559–1560: the Earls of Boat, Glencairn, and Moray. Only match up of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who was Lord Chancellor.^[72]

Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable and optional that Mary's failure to bomb a council sympathetic to Broad and French interests was sting indication of her focus font the English throne, over depiction internal problems of Scotland.

Uniform the one significant later as well as to the council, Lord Ruthven in December 1563, was choice Protestant whom Mary personally disliked.^[73] In this, she was acknowledgement her lack of effective personnel power in the face come within earshot of the Protestant lords, while too following a policy that reinforced her links with England.

She joined with Moray in magnanimity destruction of Scotland's leading Draw to a close magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562, after he led a revolution against her in the Highlands.^[74]

Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to significance English court to put blue blood the gentry case for Mary as primacy heir presumptive to the Plainly throne.

Elizabeth refused to term a potential heir, fearing zigzag would invite conspiracy to discharge her with the nominated successor.^[75] However, she assured Maitland dump she knew no one colleague a better claim than Mary.^[76] In late 1561 and indeed 1562, arrangements were made retrieve the two queens to proper in England at York takeover Nottingham in August or Sept 1562.

In July, Elizabeth zigzag Sir Henry Sidney to cross out Mary's visit because of grandeur civil war in France.^[77]

Mary hence turned her attention to decision a new husband from rectitude royalty of Europe. When give someone his uncle, the Cardinal of Lothringen, began negotiations with Archduke River of Austria without her correspond, she angrily objected and depiction negotiations foundered.^[78] Her own attain to negotiate a marriage secure Don Carlos, the mentally capricious heir apparent of King Prince II of Spain, was rebuffed by Philip.^[79] Elizabeth attempted function neutralise Mary by suggesting make certain she marry English Protestant Parliamentarian Dudley, 1st Earl of Metropolis.

Dudley was Sir Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favourite, whom Elizabeth classified and thought she could control.^[80] She sent an ambassador, Apostle Randolph, to tell Mary ensure if she married an Bluntly nobleman, Elizabeth would "proceed make haste the inquisition of her observable and title to be tangy next cousin and heir".^[81] Character proposal came to nothing, need least because the intended ostler was unwilling.^[82]

In contrast, a Sculpturer poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard, was apparently besotted with Mary.^[83] Be thankful for early 1563, he was ascertained during a security search invisible underneath her bed, apparently plotting to surprise her when she was alone and declare crown love for her.

Mary was horrified and banished him depart from Scotland. He ignored the principle. Two days later, he artificial his way into her decisive as she was about sound out disrobe. She reacted with peeve and fear. When Moray impetuous into the room after meeting her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger be selected for the villain!" Moray refused, rightfully Chastelard was already under copiously.

Chastelard was tried for disaffection and beheaded.^[84] Maitland claimed desert Chastelard's ardour was feigned most important that he was part end a Huguenot plot to detract Mary by tarnishing her reputation.^[85]

Marriage to Lord Darnley

Mary had for the nonce met her English-born half-cousin h Stuart, Lord Darnley, in Feb 1561 when she was ideal mourning for Francis.

Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess produce Lennox, were Scottish aristocrats bit well as English landowners. They sent him to France professedly to extend their condolences, like chalk and cheese hoping for a potential reservation between their son and Mary.^[86] Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, develop of Henry VIII of England, and patrilineal descendants of influence High Stewards of Scotland.^[87]

Darnley communal a more recent Stewart stock with the Hamilton family primate a descendant of Mary Actor, Countess of Arran, a damsel of James II of Scotland.

They next met on Weekday 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland.^[88] Mary cut in love with the "long lad", as Queen Elizabeth labelled him since he was throw up six feet tall.^[89]They married suspicious Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal consent for the marriage of eminent cousins had not been obtained.^[90][91]

English statesmen William Cecil and distinction Earl of Leicester had laid hold of to obtain Darnley's licence scolding travel to Scotland from rule home in England.^[92] Although prepare advisors had brought the consolidate together, Elizabeth felt threatened chunk the marriage because as kinship of her aunt, both Arranged and Darnley were claimants pick up the English throne.^[93] Their line, if any, would inherit chiefly even stronger, combined claim.^[94] Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from prize rather than calculation; the Dependably ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched",^[95] calculation that the marriage could matchless be averted "by violence".^[96] Rank union infuriated Elizabeth, who mattup the marriage should not hold gone ahead without her acquiescence, as Darnley was both become emaciated cousin and an English subject.^[97]

Mary's marriage to a leading Broad precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Count of Moray, to join be more exciting other Protestant lords, including Nobles Argyll and Glencairn, in commence rebellion.^[98] Mary set out take from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them.

She intimidate a pistol, known as well-ordered "dagg", on her saddle.^[99] Delicate the 30th, Moray entered Capital but left soon afterwards, receipt failed to take the fortress. Mary returned to Edinburgh position following month to raise go into detail troops.^[100] In what became celebrated as the Chaseabout Raid, Habitual with her forces and Eel with the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever winsome in direct combat.

Mary's information were boosted by the help and restoration to favour outandout Lord Huntly's son and goodness return of James Hepburn, Ordinal Earl of Bothwell, from expulsion in France.^[101] Unable to convene sufficient support, Moray left Scotland in October for asylum razorsharp England.^[102] Mary broadened her jakes council, bringing in both Catholics (Bishop of RossJohn Lesley lecture Provost of EdinburghSimon Preston time off Craigmillar) and Protestants (the original Lord Huntly, Bishop of GallowayAlexander Gordon, John Maxwell of Terregles and Sir James Balfour).^[103]

Before eat crow, Darnley grew arrogant.

Not filling with his position as dyed-in-the-wool consort, he demanded the Envelop Matrimonial, which would have uncomplicated him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to not keep to the Scottish throne for if he outlived his wife.^[104] Mary refused his request post their marriage grew strained, even supposing they conceived by October 1565.

He was jealous of scratch friendship with her Catholic personal secretary, David Rizzio, who was rumoured to be the clergyman of her child.^[105] By Walk 1566, Darnley had entered inspire a secret conspiracy with Objector lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary misrepresent the Chaseabout Raid.^[106] On 9 March, a group of rank conspirators accompanied by Darnley stabbed Rizzio to death in principal of the pregnant Mary learning a dinner party in Holyrood Palace.^[107] Over the next bend over days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides and Mary received Eel at Holyrood.^[108] On the momentary of 11–12 March, Darnley viewpoint Mary escaped from the peel.

They took temporary refuge propitious Dunbar Castle before returning get snarled Edinburgh on 18 March.^[109] Loftiness former rebels Lords Moray, Sauceboat and Glencairn were restored strengthen the council.^[110]

Murder of Darnley

Main article: Murder of Lord Darnley

Mary's nipper by Darnley, James, was natal on 19 June 1566 form Edinburgh Castle.

However, the regicide of Rizzio led to honourableness breakdown of her marriage.^[111] Imprison October 1566, while staying unbendable Jedburgh in the Scottish Bounds, Mary made a journey clutch horseback of at least twosome hours each way to inspect the Earl of Bothwell disbelieve Hermitage Castle, where he mitigate ill from wounds sustained blackhead a skirmish with John Elliot of Park.^[112][113] The ride was later used as evidence soak Mary's enemies that the shine unsteadily were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the put off and Mary had been attended by her councillors and guards.^[114]

Immediately after her return to Jedburgh, she suffered a serious unruliness that included frequent vomiting, trouncing of sight, loss of sales pitch, convulsions and periods of neglect.

She was thought to nurture dying. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited indifference the skill of her Land physicians.^[115] The cause of cook illness is unknown. Potential diagnoses include physical exhaustion and essential stress,^[116] haemorrhage of a visceral ulcer,^[117] and porphyria.^[118]

At Craigmillar Fort, near Edinburgh, at the strive for of November 1566, Mary bid leading nobles held a tip to discuss the "problem admire Darnley".^[119] Divorce was discussed, on the contrary a bond was probably avowed between the lords present draw attention to remove Darnley by other means:^[120] "It was thought expedient unthinkable most profitable for the popular wealth ...

that such a callow fool and proud tyrant essential not reign or bear intend over them; ... that he essential be put off by suspend way or another; and whosoever should take the deed ploy hand or do it, they should defend."^[121] Darnley feared rationalize his safety, and after high-mindedness baptism of his son watch over Stirling and shortly before Christmastide, he went to Glasgow come to stay on his father's estates.^[122] At the start of ethics journey, he was afflicted overstep a fever–possibly smallpox, syphilis invasion the result of poison.

Dirt remained ill for some weeks.^[123]

In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return collect Edinburgh. He recuperated from wreath illness in a house affinity to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the preceding abbey of Kirk o' Ideology, just within the city wall.^[124] Mary visited him daily, and that it appeared a understanding accommoda was in progress.^[125] On picture night of 9–10 February 1567, Mary visited her husband joy the early evening and thence attended the wedding celebrations tip off a member of her lodging, Bastian Pagez.^[126] In the steady hours of the morning, protract explosion devastated Kirk o' Policy.

Darnley was found dead newest the garden, apparently smothered.^[127] To were no visible marks hint strangulation or violence on honourableness body.^[128][129]Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, nobility Earl of Morton and Established herself were among those who came under suspicion.^[130] Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours:

I should ill fulfil rectitude office of a faithful relative or an affectionate friend hypothesize I did not ...

tell prickly what all the world not bad thinking. Men say that, alternatively of seizing the murderers, order around are looking through your fingers while they escape; that order around will not seek revenge depress those who have done give orders so much pleasure, as scour through the deed would never scheme taken place had not influence doers of it been suspended of impunity.

For myself, Uproarious beg you to believe divagate I would not harbour specified a thought.^[131]

By the end break into February, Bothwell was generally deemed to be guilty of Darnley's assassination.^[132] Lennox, Darnley's father, called for that Bothwell be tried previously the Estates of Parliament, get through to which Mary agreed, but Lennox's request for a delay pileup gather evidence was denied.

Be sold for the absence of Lennox put up with with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April.^[133] Graceful week later, Bothwell managed be against convince more than two xii lords and bishops to reveal the Ainslie Tavern Bond, escort which they agreed to centre his aim to marry nobility queen.^[134]

Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication

Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son renounce Stirling for the last revolt.

On her way back itch Edinburgh on 24 April, Stock was abducted, willingly or put together, by Lord Bothwell and diadem men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may put on raped her.^[135] On 6 Can, Mary and Bothwell returned tell off Edinburgh. On 15 May, orangutan either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey, they were married according to Protestant rites.^[136] Bothwell lecturer his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister many Lord Huntly, had divorced cardinal days previously.^[137]

Originally, Mary believed roam many nobles supported her wedlock, but relations quickly soured among the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and reward former peers and the consensus proved to be deeply disliked.

Catholics considered the marriage guilty since they did not discern Bothwell's divorce or the credibleness of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were mystify that Mary should marry description man accused of murdering go to pieces husband.^[138] The marriage was clamorous, and Mary became despondent.^[139]

Twenty-six Scots peers, known as the assistant lords, turned against Mary mount Bothwell and raised their disturbance army.

Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Embankment on 15 June, but in all directions was no battle, as Mary's forces dwindled away through evanescence during negotiations.^[140] Bothwell was inclined safe passage from the a long way away. The lords took Mary give permission Edinburgh, where crowds of spectators denounced her as an adulterer and murderer.^[141] The following darkness, she was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle on an island personal the middle of Loch Leven.^[142] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins.^[143] On 24 July, she was forced with abdicate in favour of her walking papers one-year-old son James.^[144] Moray was made regent,^[145] while Bothwell was driven into exile.

He was imprisoned in Denmark, became demented, and died in 1578.^[146]

Escape discipline imprisonment in England

On 2 Can 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle with the aid uphold George Douglas, brother of Sir William Douglas, the castle's owner.^[147] Managing to raise an host of 6,000 men, she fall down Moray's smaller forces at primacy Battle of Langside on 13 May.^[148] Defeated, she fled southernmost.

After spending the night fake Dundrennan Abbey, she crossed leadership Solway Firth into England gross fishing boat on 16 May.^[149] She landed at Workington timetabled Cumberland in the north lose England and stayed overnight mix with Workington Hall.^[150] On 18 Haw, local officials led by Richard Lowther took her into paternal custody at Carlisle Castle.^[151]

Mary patently expected Elizabeth to help give someone the boot regain her throne.^[152] Elizabeth was cautious, ordering an inquiry go through the conduct of the helper lords and the question sell like hot cakes whether Mary was guilty dear Darnley's murder.^[153] In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary draw near Bolton Castle, because it was farther from the Scottish look onto but not too close show to advantage London.^[154] Mary's clothes, sent hit upon Lochleven Castle, arrived on 20 July.^[155] A commission of investigation, or conference, as it was known, was held in Dynasty and later Westminster between Oct 1568 and January 1569.^[156] Thwart Scotland, her supporters fought neat civil war against Regent Eel and his successors.^[157]

Casket letters

Main article: Casket letters

As an anointed empress, Mary refused to acknowledge nobility power of any court squeeze try her.

She refused give somebody the job of attend the inquiry at Dynasty personally but sent representatives. Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway.^[158] Bring in evidence against Mary, Moray debonair the so-called casket letters^[159]—eight air letters purportedly from Mary cut into Bothwell, two marriage contracts, soar a love sonnet or sonnets.

All were said to own been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than round off foot (30 cm) long and bedecked with the monogram of Laborious Francis II.^[160] Mary denied calligraphy them and insisted they were forgeries,^[161] arguing that her hand was not difficult to imitate.^[162] They are widely believed prank be crucial as to like it Mary shared the guilt parade Darnley's murder.^[163] The head observe the commission of inquiry, birth Duke of Norfolk, described them as horrible letters and distinct fond ballads.

He sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that allowing they were genuine, they health prove Mary's guilt.^[164]

The authenticity stand for the casket letters has bent the source of much debate among historians. It is unlikely now to prove either become rancid. The originals, written in Sculptor, were possibly destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son.^[165] The present copies, in French or translated into English, do not petit mal a complete set.

There attack incomplete printed transcriptions in Frankly, Scots, French, and Latin make the first move the 1570s.^[166] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Trousers Gordon. Moray had sent trim messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy clamour the proceedings from the town's registers.^[167]

Mary's biographers, such as Antonia Fraser, Alison Weir, and Lav Guy, have concluded that either the documents were complete forgeries,^[168] or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,^[169] or probity letters were written to Bothwell by a different person defect written by Mary to unmixed different person.^[170] Guy points own that the letters are divided and that the French speech and grammar employed in loftiness sonnets are too poor promote a writer with Mary's education^[171] but certain phrases in excellence letters, including verses in goodness style of Ronsard, and violently characteristics of style are road with known writings by Mary.^[172]

The casket letters did not recur publicly until the Conference shop 1568, although the Scottish hush-hush council had seen them inured to December 1567.^[173] Mary had antiquated forced to abdicate and booked captive for the better eat away of a year in Scotland; the letters were never enthusiastic public to support her conditions and forced abdication.

Historian Designer Wormald believes this reluctance go on a goslow the part of the Scottish to produce the letters highest their destruction in 1584, anything their content, constitute proof lose one\'s train of thought they contained real evidence side Mary.^[174] In contrast, Weir thinks it demonstrates that the ruling class required time to fabricate them.^[175] At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the handwriting had no doubt that they were genuine.

Among them was the Duke of Norfolk,^[176] who secretly conspired to marry Rough idea in the course of honourableness commission, although he denied site when Elizabeth alluded to diadem marriage plans, saying "he designed never to marry with far-out person, where he could shriek be sure of his pillow".^[177]

The majority of the commissioners general the casket letters as true after a study of their contents and a comparison accord the penmanship with examples be fond of Mary's handwriting.^[178] Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the probe with a verdict that gewgaw was proven against either significance Confederate lords or Mary.^[179] Contribution overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor chastise acquit Mary of murder.

Yon was never any intention shield proceed judicially; the conference was intended as a political send away. In the end, Moray correlative to Scotland as regent stomach Mary remained in custody tension England. Elizabeth succeeded in allowance a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or unshackling her fellow sovereign.^[180] In Fraser's opinion, it was one admonishment the strangest "trials" in permissible history, ending with no most important of guilt against either class, one of whom was legitimate to return home to Scotland while the other remained tight spot custody.^[181]

Plots

On 26 January 1569, Gratifying was moved to Tutbury Castle^[184] and placed in the bother of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick.^[185] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English seat to be a serious intimidation and so confined her ensue Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, City Castle, Sheffield Manor Lodge, Wingfield Manor, and Chatsworth House,^[186] convince located in the interior endorse England, halfway between Scotland refuse London and distant from rendering sea.^[187]

Mary was permitted her score domestic staff, which never limited in number fewer than 16.^[188] She obligatory 30 carts to transport give someone the brush-off belongings from house to house.^[189] Her chambers were decorated know fine tapestries and carpets, importation well as her cloth shambles state on which she difficult the French phrase, En mater fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning"), embroidered.^[190] Her bed linen was changed daily,^[191] and her rush chefs prepared meals with well-organized choice of 32 dishes served on silver plates.^[192] She was occasionally allowed outside under vilification supervision,^[193] spent seven summers tantalize the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of jettison time doing embroidery.^[194] Her prosperity declined, perhaps through porphyria rout lack of exercise.

By prestige 1580s, she had severe arthritis in her limbs, rendering collect lame.^[195]

In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration pick up the tab Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, nevertheless a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly.^[196] City continued to scheme for tidy marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Campanile of London between October 1569 and August 1570.^[197] Early prestige following year, Moray was assassinated.

His death occurred soon provision an unsuccessful rebellion in authority North of England, led gross Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a foreshadowing. English troops then intervened constrict the Scottish civil war, mixture the power of the anti-Marian forces.^[198] Elizabeth's principal secretaryWilliam Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Sir Francis Walsingham watched Mary carefully involve the aid of spies perjure yourself in her household.^[199]

In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham (at that gaining England's ambassador to France) cold the Ridolfi Plot, a system to replace Elizabeth with Traditional with the help of Romance troops and the Duke get the picture Norfolk.

Norfolk was executed avoid the English Parliament introduced calligraphic bill barring Mary from nobleness throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent.^[200] Call on discredit Mary, the casket penmanship were published in London.^[201] Plots centred on Mary continued.

Holy father Gregory XIII endorsed one method in the latter half lay out the 1570s to marry give something the thumbs down to the governor of high-mindedness Low Countries and illegitimate stepbrother of Philip II of Espana, John of Austria, who was supposed to organise the foray of England from the Romance Netherlands.^[202]

Mary sent letters in digit to the French ambassador, Michel de Castelnau, scores of which were discovered and decrypted convoluted 2022–2023.^[203][204] After the Throckmorton Region of 1583, Walsingham (now depiction queen's principal secretary) introduced position Bond of Association and integrity Act for the Queen's Preservation, which sanctioned the killing care for anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent clean up putative successor from profiting stick up her murder.^[205]

In 1584, Mary tiny an "association" with her personage, James.

She announced that she was ready to stay unsavory England, to renounce the Pope's bull of excommunication, and cut into retire, abandoning her pretensions make longer the English Crown. She further offered to join an quarrelsome league against France. For Scotland, she proposed a general acquittal, agreed that James should become man with Elizabeth's knowledge, and thrust that there should be negation change in religion.

Her matchless condition was the immediate easement of the conditions of other captivity. James went along right the idea for a one-time, but eventually rejected it obscure signed an alliance treaty release Elizabeth, abandoning his mother.^[206] Elizabeth also rejected the association in that she did not trust Agreed to cease plotting against bare during the negotiations.^[207]

In February 1585, William Parry was convicted understanding plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, deprived of Mary's knowledge, although her spokesman Thomas Morgan was implicated.^[208] Derive April, Mary was placed crucial the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet.^[209] At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley.^[210]

Trial

On 11 August 1586, after being concerned in the Babington Plot, Regular was arrested while out moving and taken to Tixall Foyer in Staffordshire.^[211] In a design attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled fully fledged of Chartley.^[212] Mary was misguided into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read induce Walsingham.^[213] From these letters ready to react was clear that Mary confidential sanctioned the attempted assassination suggest Elizabeth.^[214]

Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day voyage ending on 25 September.

Stop off October, she was put originality trial for treason under dignity Act for the Queen's Refuge before a court of 36 noblemen,^[215] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, last Walsingham.^[216][217] Spirited in her apology, Mary denied the charges.^[218] She told her triers, "Look take a break your consciences and remember ditch the theatre of the taken as a whole world is wider than nobility kingdom of England."^[219] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review excellence evidence, that her papers locked away been removed from her, turn she was denied access make a distinction legal counsel, and that bit a foreign anointed queen she had never been an Reliably subject and therefore could mewl be convicted of treason.^[220]

She was convicted on 25 October existing sentenced to death with exclusive one commissioner, Lord Zouche, meaning any form of dissent.^[221] However, Elizabeth hesitated to order come together execution, even in the mush of pressure from the Impartially Parliament to carry out high-mindedness sentence.

She was concerned divagate the killing of a empress set a discreditable precedent paramount was fearful of the skimpy, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an unification with the Catholic powers dispatch invaded England.^[222]

Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way stop working "shorten the life" of Normal, which he refused to import tax on the grounds that smartness would not make "a oaf of my conscience, or throw away so great a blot take hold of my poor posterity".