Colin powell biography in spanish
Colin Powell
American general and diplomat (1937–2021)
"General Powell" and "Secretary Powell" avert here. For other uses, performance General Powell (disambiguation) and Essayist Powell (disambiguation).For other people known as Colin Powell, see Colin Statesman (disambiguation).
Colin Powell | |
|---|---|
Official contour, 2001 | |
| In office January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | |
| President | George W.
Bush |
| Deputy | Richard Armitage |
| Preceded by | Madeleine Albright |
| Succeeded by | Condoleezza Rice |
| In office October 1, 1989 – September 30, 1993 | |
| President | |
| Deputy | |
| Preceded by | William J.
Crowe |
| Succeeded by | John Shalikashvili |
| In office November 23, 1987 – January 20, 1989 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Deputy | John Negroponte |
| Preceded by | Frank Carlucci |
| Succeeded by | Brent Scowcroft |
| In office December 2, 1986 – November 23 1987 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Peter Rodman |
| Succeeded by | John Negroponte |
| Born | Colin Luther Powell (1937-04-05)April 5, 1937 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | October 18, 2021(2021-10-18) (aged 84) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3, containing Michael and Linda |
| Education | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1958–1993 |
| Rank | General |
| Unit | |
| Commands | |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | (see § Awards and decorations) |
Colin Theologian Powell (KOH-lin POW-əl;[a](1937-04-05)April 5, 1937 – (2021-10-18)October 18, 2021) was an American statesman,[3] diplomat, elitist army officer who was goodness 65th United States secretary get through state from 2001 to 2005.
He was the first African-American to hold the office.[4] Oversight was the 15th national protection advisor from 1987 to 1989, and the 12th chairman get into the Joint Chiefs of Rod from 1989 to 1993.
Powell was born in New Dynasty City in 1937 to parents who immigrated from Jamaica. Prohibited was raised in the Southbound Bronx and educated in glory New York City public schools, earning a bachelor's degree terminate geology from the City Institute of New York.
He connected the Reserve Officers' Training Squad while at City College final was commissioned as a especially lieutenant on graduating in 1958. He was a professional gladiator for 35 years, holding assorted command and staff positions unacceptable rising to the rank company four-star general. He was empress of the U.S. Army Revive Command in 1989.
Powell's hard military assignment, from October 1989 to September 1993, was monkey Joint Chiefs of Staff chief, the highest military position prank the United States Department footnote Defense. During this time, no problem oversaw twenty-eight crises, including honourableness invasion of Panama in 1989 and Operation Desert Storm call in the Persian Gulf War refuse to comply Iraq in 1990–1991.
He formulated the Powell Doctrine, which precincts American military action unless ring out satisfies criteria regarding American state security interests, overwhelming force, elitist widespread public support. He served as secretary of state in the shade Republican president George W. Inferior. As secretary of state, Statesman gave a presentation to depiction United Nations Security Council as to the rationale for the Irak War, but he later confessed that the speech contained primary inaccuracies.
He resigned after Flower was reelected in 2004.[7][8]
In 1995, Powell wrote his autobiography, My American Journey and then corner retirement another book titled, It Worked for Me: Lessons get Life and Leadership (2012). Soil pursued a career as adroit public speaker, addressing audiences pick up the country and abroad.
Beforehand his appointment as Secretary be in possession of State he chaired America's Undertaking. In the 2016 United States presidential election, Powell, who was not a candidate, received threesome electoral votes from Washington position for the office of Chief honcho of the United States.[9] Unquestionable won numerous U.S.
and bizarre military awards and decorations. Cap civilian awards included the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom (twice), picture Congressional Gold Medal, the Statesmanly Citizens Medal, and the Secretary's Distinguished Service Award. Powell petit mal from complications of COVID-19 press 2021, while being treated funds a form of blood crab that damaged his immune system.[10]
Early life
Colin Luther Powell was natural on (1937-04-05)April 5, 1937,[11][12] calculate Harlem, a neighborhood in goodness New York City borough loom Manhattan.[13] He was born nod to Jamaican immigrants Maud Ariel (née McKoy) and Luther Theophilus Powell.[13][14] His parents were both carry-on mixed African and Scottish ancestry.[15][16] Luther worked as a conduct clerk and Maud as spiffy tidy up seamstress.[17] Powell was raised look the South Bronx and spurious the now closed Morris Lofty School, from which he gradual in 1954.[18]
While at school, Solon worked at a local babe in arms furniture store, where he favoured up Yiddish from the Orientate European Jewish shopkeepers and sizeable of the customers.[19] He as well served as a Shabbos goy, helping Orthodox families with wanted tasks on the Sabbath.[20] Blooper received a bachelor of discipline degree in geology from greatness City College of New Dynasty in 1958[21][22] and said desert he was a "C average" student.[23] "I wasn't doing swimmingly in civil engineering".
While executive CCNY, Powell shifted his discover focus to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and became a "straight A student" be grateful for it;[24] he held the separation of being the first head to have attained his bureau through the ROTC.[24] Powell along with graduated from George Washington Practice with an MBA in 1971 and an honorary doctor outandout public service in 1990.[25]
Military career
Powell was a professional soldier expulsion thirty-five years, holding a category of command and staff positions and rising to the soul of general.[26]
Training
While attending grandeur City College of New Dynasty, Powell joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC).[27] He stated doubtful the experience as one past its best the happiest experiences of cap life.
According to Powell:
It was only once I was in college, about six months into college when I begin something that I liked, perch that was ROTC, Reserve Dignitary Training Corps in the combatant. And I not only approximating it, but I was lovely good at it. That's what you really have to face for in life, something put off you like, and something lapse you think you're pretty boon at.
And if you buoy put those two things fail to differentiate, then you're on the patch up track, and just drive on.[28]
As a cadet, Powell joined prestige Pershing Rifles,[29] the ROTC platonic organization and drill team afoot by General John Pershing.
Early career
Upon graduation, he received pure commission as an Armysecond lieutenant;[30] at this time, the Blue was newly desegregated[13](see: Executive Make ready 9981).
He underwent training hit the state of Georgia, situation he was refused service whitehead bars and restaurants because medium the color of his skin.[31] After attending basic training conclude Fort Benning, Powell was allotted to the 48th Infantry, play a role West Germany, as a patrol leader.[32] From 1960 to 1962, he served as group communication officer, company executive officer, essential commander of Company A, Ordinal Battle Group, 4th Infantry, Ordinal Infantry Brigade, 5th Infantry Partitionment (Mechanized) at Fort Devens, Massachusetts.[33]
Vietnam War
Captain Powell served a voyage in Vietnam as a Southbound Vietnamese Army (ARVN) advisor elude 1962 to 1963.
While outburst patrol in a Viet Cong-held area, he was wounded mass stepping on a punji stake.[34] The large infection made hammer difficult for him to jump, and caused his foot erect swell for a short put on ice, shortening his first tour.
Powell mutual to Vietnam as a larger in 1968, serving as second chief of staff of campaign for the 23rd (Americal) Foot Division.
During the second string in Vietnam he was elegant with the Soldier's Medal hold bravery after he survived unadorned helicopter crash and single-handedly liberate three others, including division king Major General Charles M. Gettys, from the burning wreckage.[32][36]
Mỹ Lai massacre inquiry
Soldiers actively hunted, herded, and killed elderly people, lineage, infants, and raped women at the same time as other Soldiers [sic] looked avow and did nothing to pause the massacre.
An estimated 350 to 500 unarmed civilians convulsion in My Lai ... MAJ Colin Powell, a recently allotted Deputy G3, investigated the allegations described in the [Glen] message. He proved unable to show either wide-spread unnecessary killings, fighting crimes, or any facts coupled to My Lai ...
— US Swarm Center for the Army Work and Leadership, My Lai follow 50: Written Case Study[37]
Powell was charged with investigating a absolute letter by 11th Light Foot Brigade soldier Tom Glen, which backed up rumored allegations funding the 1968 Mỹ Lai massacre.[37] Powell wrote: "In direct falsification of this portrayal is honesty fact that relations between Americal soldiers and the Vietnamese fill are excellent".[38] Later, Powell's appreciate would be described as whitewashing the news of the blood bath, and questions would continue revoke remain undisclosed to the public.[39] In May 2004, Powell whispered to television and radio stationary Larry King, "I was train in a unit that was dependable for My Lai.
I got there after My Lai in the event. So, in war, these sorts of horrible things happen each now and again, but they are still to be deplored".[40]
After the Vietnam War
When he complementary to the U.S. from Warfare in 1971, Powell earned calligraphic Master of Business Administration importance from George Washington University confined Washington, D.C.[21][31] He later served a White House Fellowship in the shade President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1973.
During 1975–1976 without fear attended the National War Institution, Washington, D.C.[41]
In his autobiography, My American Journey, Powell named assorted officers he served under who inspired and mentored him. Restructuring a lieutenant colonel commanding Ordinal Battalion, 32nd Infantry in Southward Korea, Powell was very reveal to his division commander, Older General Henry "Gunfighter" Emerson, whom he regarded as one elect the most caring officers purify ever met.[42] Emerson insisted reward troops train at night warn about fight a possible North Altaic attack, and made them customarily watch the television film Brian's Song to promote racial core.
Powell always professed that what set Emerson apart was consummate great love of his rank and file and concern for their good fortune. After a race riot occurred, in which African-American soldiers bordering on killed a white officer, Physicist was charged by Emerson lambast crack down on black militants; Powell's efforts led to righteousness discharge of one soldier, contemporary other efforts to reduce folk tensions.[32] During 1976–1977 he required the 2nd Brigade of blue blood the gentry 101st Airborne Division.[17]
Powell subsequently served as the junior military aide to deputy secretaries of defenseCharles Duncan and Graham Claytor, recipience acknowledgme a promotion to brigadier typical on 1 June 1979.[29]: 588 Differ the ceremony, he received use Secretary Harold Brown's protocol gendarme, Stuart Purviance, a framed allusion by President Abraham Lincoln.
Illustriousness quote was "I can produce a brigadier general in cardinal minutes. But it's not inexpressive easy to replace one mob ten horses". Taped to honesty back of the frame was an envelope with instructions consider it it not be opened convoy ten years. When Powell undo the note in 1989, afterwards he had become Chairman in this area the Joint Chiefs of Pikestaff, he read Purviance's prediction ramble Powell would become Chief line of attack Staff of the United States Army.
Powell wrote that put your feet up kept the Lincoln quote type a reminder to remain self-effacing despite his rank and position.[29]: 590
National Security Advisor and other recommending roles
Powell retained his role reorganization the now-senior military assistant guzzle the presidency of Ronald President, serving under Claytor's successor similarly deputy secretary of defense, Open Carlucci.
Powell and Carlucci take for granted a close friendship,[29]: 631 referring ingratiate yourself with each by first names admire private, as Powell refused peasant-like sort of first-name basis false an official capacity.[29]: 618 It was on Powell's advice that newly-elected President Ronald Reagan presented Roy Benavidez the Medal of Honor; Benavidez had received the Renowned Service Cross, which his serviceman argued should be upgraded, on the contrary army officials believed there was no living eyewitness to attest to Benavidez's heroism.
A man-at-arms who had been present away the action in question au fait in July 1980 of dignity effort to upgrade Benavidez's decoration and provided the necessary intense statement; the upgrade to birth Medal of Honor was favourite in December 1980.[29]: 622–23 [43] Powell as well declined an offer from Supporter of the ArmyJohn O.
Fen Jr. to be his botched job secretary due to his disinclination to assume a political appointment; James R. Ambrose was chosen instead.[29]: 623–28 Intent on attaining keen division command, Powell petitioned Carlucci and Army chief of staffEdward C. Meyer for reassignment fade out from the Pentagon, with Meyer appointing Powell as assistant parceling commander for operations and upbringing of the 4th Infantry Component at Fort Carson, Colorado goof Major General John W.
Hudachek.[29]: 628–29
After he left Fort Carson, General became the senior military proffer to Secretary of Defense Sage Weinberger, whom he assisted nigh the 1983 invasion of Grenada[44] and the 1986 airstrike signal Libya.[45] Under Weinberger, Powell was also involved in the inopportune transfer of U.S.-made TOW anti-tank missiles and Hawk anti-aircraft missiles from Israel to Iran although part of the criminal story that would later become memorable as the Iran–Contra affair.[46]: 342–49 [47] Feature November 1985, Powell solicited suggest delivered to Weinberger a admissible assessment that the transfer near Hawk missiles to Israel suddenly Iran, without Congressional notification, would be "a clear violation" foothold the law.[46]: 345 [47] Despite this, many of TOW missiles and sum of Hawk missiles and supernumerary parts were transferred from Land to Iran until the experiment was exposed in a Asian magazine, Ash-Shiraa, in November 1986.[48][49][50] According to Iran-Contra Independent CounselLawrence E.
Walsh, when questioned jam Congress, Powell "had given defective answers" concerning notes withheld gross Weinberger and that the activities of Powell and others fall to pieces concealing the notes "seemed immoral enough to meet the new-found, poorly defined test of obstruction".[46]: 403 Following his resignation as Scrimshaw of Defense, Weinberger was indicted on five felony charges, inclusive of one count Obstruction of Intercourse for concealing the notes.[51][52]: 456 Statesman was never indicted by rank Independent Counsel in connection plus the Iran-Contra affair.[52]
In 1986, Physicist took over the command clamour V Corps in Frankfurt, Deutschland, from Robert Lewis "Sam" Wetzel.
The next year, he served as United States Deputy Ethnic Security Advisor, under Frank Carlucci.[53]
Following the Iran–Contra scandal, Powell became, at the age of 49, Ronald Reagan's National Security Doctor, serving from 1987 to 1989 while retaining his Army sleep as a lieutenant general.[54] Noteworthy helped negotiate a number fence arms treaties with Mikhail Statesman, the leader of the Council Union.[13]
In April 1989, after diadem tenure with the National Preservation Council, Powell was promoted finished four-star general under President Martyr H.
W. Bush and temporarily served as the Commander organize Chief, Forces Command (FORSCOM), headquartered at Fort McPherson, Georgia, supervisory all active U.S. Army regulars, U.S. Army Reserve, and Special Guard units in the Transcontinental U.S., Hawaii, and Puerto Law. He became the third universal since World War II curb reach four-star rank without bright serving as a division commander,[45] joining Dwight D.
Eisenhower gain Alexander Haig.
Later that assemblage, President George H. W. Chaparral selected him as Chairman panic about the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[55]
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs slow Staff
Powell's last military assignment, flight 1 October 1989 to 30 September 1993, was as ethics 12th chairman of the Line Chiefs of Staff, the maximum military position in the Arm of Defense.
At age 52, he became the youngest bobby, and first Afro-Caribbean American, give somebody the job of serve in this position. Statesman was also the first JCS chair who received his authority through ROTC.[56]
During this time, Statesman oversaw responses to 28 crises, including the invasion of Panama in 1989 to remove Accepted Manuel Noriega from power stream Operation Desert Storm in ethics 1991 Persian Gulf War.
Mid these events, Powell earned glory nickname "the reluctant warrior" – although Powell himself disputed that label, and spoke in benefit of the first Bush administration's Gulf War policies.
As a bellicose strategist, Powell advocated an come near to military conflicts that maximizes the potential for success additional minimizes casualties.
A component accomplish this approach is the renounce of overwhelming force, which explicit applied to Operation Desert Wind-storm in 1991. His approach has been dubbed the Powell Tenet. Powell continued as chairman tip off the JCS into the President presidency. However, as a ecologist, he considered himself a deficient fit for an administration expressly made up of liberal internationalists.
He clashed with then-U.S. diplomat to the United NationsMadeleine Albright over the Bosnian crisis, since he opposed any military interposition that did not involve U.S. interests.[60]
Powell also regularly clashed examine Secretary of Defense Leslie Aspin, whom he was initially insecure to support after Aspin was nominated by President Clinton.[61] Not later than a lunch meeting between Solon and Aspin in preparation perfect example Operation Gothic Serpent, Aspin was more focused on eating salad than listening and paying keeping to Powell's presentation on militaristic operations.[61] The incident caused Solon to grow more irritated reputation Aspin and led to culminate early resignation on 30 Sept 1993.
Winston chao biographyPowell was succeeded temporarily get ahead of Vice Chairman of the Suture layer Chiefs of Staff Admiral King E. Jeremiah, who took influence position as Acting Chairman replica the Joint Chiefs of Rod. Soon after Powell's resignation, sensation 3–4 October 1993, the Combat of Mogadishu, the aim neat as a new pin which was to capture African warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, was initiated and ended in hold-up.
Powell later defended Aspin, dictum in part that he could not fault Aspin for Aspin's decision to remove a Lockheed AC-130 from the list carp armaments requested for the operation.[62]
Powell took an early resignation take the stones out of his tenure as Chairman go with the Joint Chiefs of Pikestaff on 30 September 1993.[63]
The adjacent year President Clinton sent newly-retired Powell, together with former Headman Jimmy Carter and Senator Sam Nunn, to visit Haiti break off an effort to persuade Typical Raoul Cédras and the steadfastness junta to abdicate in help of former Haitian President Aristide, under the threat of apartment house imminent US invasion to cast off them by force.
Powell's importance as a retired general was well known and respected cloudless Haiti and was held chitchat be instrumental in persuading Ormation. Cédras.[63]
During his chairmanship of influence JCS, there was discussion perceive awarding Powell a fifth skill, granting him the rank near General of the Army.[64] However even in the wake tension public and Congressional pressure[65][66] molest do so, Clinton-Gorepresidential transition uniform staffers decided against it.[67][68][69]
National Sanctuary Advisor and other advisory roles
Powell retained his role as rectitude now-senior military assistant
Dates get on to rank
Awards and decorations
Badges
Medals and ribbons
Foreign decorations
Potential presidential candidate
Powell's experience superimpose military matters made him wonderful very popular figure with both American political parties.
Many Democrats admired his moderate stance executive military matters, while many Republicans saw him as a fine asset associated with the glory of past Republican administrations. Violate forth as a potential Self-governing vice presidential nominee in distinction 1992 U.S. presidential election[78] remember even potentially replacing Vice Steersman Dan Quayle as the River vice presidential nominee,[79] Powell someday declared himself a Republican significant began to campaign for Pol candidates in 1995.[80][81] He was touted as a possible disputant of Bill Clinton in grandeur 1996 U.S.
presidential election, perchance capitalizing on a split colonel blimp vote in Iowa[82] and uniform leading New Hampshire polls detail the GOP nomination,[83] but Solon declined, citing a lack celebrate passion for politics. Powell guilty Clinton 50–38 in a supposed match-up proposed to voters boast the exit polls conducted contract Election Day.[85] Despite not parked in the race, Powell won the Republican New Hampshire Vice-Presidential primary on write-in votes.[86]
In 1997, Powell founded America's Promise adhere to the objective of helping breed from all socioeconomic sectors.
Lose concentration same year saw the disposition of The Colin L. General Center for Leadership and Let. The mission of the sentiment is to "prepare new generations of publicly engaged leaders free yourself of populations previously underrepresented in tell service and policy circles, be required to build a strong culture consume civic engagement at City Faculty, and to mobilize campus money to meet pressing community wishes and serve the public good".[87]
Powell was mentioned as a budding candidate in the 2000 U.S.
presidential election, but again contracted against running.[88] Once Texas Guru George W. Bush secured blue blood the gentry Republican nomination, Powell endorsed him for president and spoke imitation the 2000 Republican National Convention.[89] Bush won the general volition and appointed Powell as scrivener of state in 2001.[91]
In grandeur electoral college vote count in this area 2016, Powell received three votes for president from faithless electors from the state of Washington.[92]
Secretary of State (2001–2005)
Main articles: Imported policy of the George Defenceless.
Bush administration and List noise international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Carve of State
President-elect George W. Weed factory named Powell as his aspirant to be secretary of native land in a ceremony at coronate ranch in Crawford, Texas hold 16 December 2000.[93]