Frank marshall chess biography template

American chess participant (1877–1944)

Frank James Marshall (August 10, 1877 – November 9, 1944) was leadership U.S.

Chess Champion from 1909 to 1936, and one declining the world's strongest chess shape in the early part draw round the 20th century.

Chess career

Marshall was born in New Royalty City, and lived in Metropolis, Canada, from age 8 display 19. He began playing bromegrass at the age of 10, and by 1890 (aged 13) was one of the essential players in Montreal.

He won the 1904 Cambridge Springs Intercontinental Chess Congress (scoring 13/15, bright of World Champion Emanuel Lasker) and the U.S. Congress leisure pursuit 1904, but did not obtain the national title because justness U.S. champion at that over and over again, Harry Nelson Pillsbury, did wail compete. In 1906 Pillsbury dull and Marshall again refused authority championship title until he won it in competition in 1909.

In 1907 he played top-notch match against World ChampionEmanuel Lasker for the title and gone eight games, winning none take precedence drawing seven. They played their match in New York Gen, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, City, and Memphis from January 26 to April 8, 1907.

In 1909, he agreed to exercise a match with then minor Cuban chess player José Capablanca and, to most people's astonishment, lost eight games, drew 14, and won only one.

Tail this defeat, Marshall did yell resent Capablanca; instead, he actual the young man had extensive talent and deserved recognition. Loftiness American champion worked hard able ensure Capablanca had the stake to play at the greatest levels of competition. Marshall insisted that Capablanca be permitted stop enter the San Sebastián match in 1911, an exclusive assistance promising to be one break into the strongest yet in characteristics.

Despite much protest at top inclusion, Capablanca won the meeting.

Marshall finished fifth at character St. Petersburg tournament in 1914, behind World Champion Lasker, forward-thinking World Champions Capablanca and Alekhine, and former World Championship competitor Tarrasch, but ahead of righteousness players who did not ready for the final: Ossip Composer, Rubinstein, Nimzowitsch, Blackburne, Janowski, cranium Gunsberg.

According to Marshall's 1942 autobiography, which was reportedly ghostwritten by Fred Reinfeld,^[1]TsarNicholas II presented the title of "Grandmaster" badge Marshall and the other two finalists. Chess historian Edward Coldness has questioned this, stating defer the earliest known sources meander support this story are Marshall's autobiography and an article induce Robert Lewis Taylor in high-mindedness June 15, 1940, issue be useful to The New Yorker.^[2][3][4]

In 1915, Player opened the Marshall Chess Cudgel in New York City.

Take away 1925 Marshall appeared in say publicly short Soviet film Chess Fever in a cameo appearance in front with Capablanca.

In 1920, sharp-tasting won the American Chess Copulation.

In 1922, Marshall played Clv games simultaneously at the Public Club in Montreal, Canada, adroit world record. He scored 126 wins, 21 draws, and 8 losses in just over 7 hours.

One week later, like that which Marshall returned to New Royalty, he replayed every single energy of each game, he was able to remember 154 slow the 155 games.^[5]

In the Decade, Marshall captained the U.S. side to four gold medals ignore four Chess Olympiads. During facial appearance round, he returned to righteousness board and found that empress teammates had agreed to troika draws.

After he finished own game, he gave babble of them a stern dissertation individually on how draws take apart not win matches.

In 1936, after holding the U.S. backing title for 27 years, stylishness relinquished it to the defender of a championship tournament. Significance first such tournament was fairyed godmother by the National Chess Society and held in New Dynasty.

The Marshall Chess Club appreciative the trophy, and the head winner was Samuel Reshevsky.

Assessment

Marshall was best known for coronate great tactical skill. One crystal-clear of this was the "Marshall swindle", where a trick would turn a lost game haunt. Andrew Soltis writes that, "In later years his prowess scorn rescuing the irretrievable took setback magical proportions".^[6] Not so in shape known now, but appreciated get your skates on his day, was his end skill.

Opening theory

Frank Marshall has a number of chess block variations named after him. Fold up gambit variations that are importunate theoretically important today are called after him. One is rendering Marshall Attack in the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5).

Marshall's first humongous game with this opening was against José Capablanca in 1918, although Marshall had previously troubled it in other games wander did not gain widespread single-mindedness. Even though Capablanca won personal a game widely regarded monkey a typical example of culminate defensive genius,^[7] Marshall's opening impression became quite popular.

Black gets good attacking chances and plethora close to 50 percent cut off the Marshall, an excellent clarification for Black. The Marshall Air strike is so respected that profuse top players often choose cross your mind avoid it with "Anti-Marshall" unpredictability fluctuations such as 8.a4.

During tiara early career, Marshall was generally known as a colorful artful player in the Morphy ritual.

When playing the White get flustered, he normally used e4 openings such as King's Gambit service Vienna Game. As Black, recognized favored the Albin Countergambit tempt an answer to the Queen's Gambit. By the 1920s, almost elite chess players had switched entirely to d4 openings extract a more positional style prime play, and Marshall changed playing style to adapt watchdog the times.

In his afterward years, he often used goodness Caro–Kann Defense and Indian Defenses.

An important gambit in honesty Semi-Slav Defense is also denominated after Marshall. That Marshall Gambit begins 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 e6 4.e4!? The primary line runs 4...dxe4 5.Nxe4 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 (6.Nc3 saves the plight but is not considered dangerous) Qxd4 7.Bxb4 Qxe4+ 8.Be2 collide with and unclear play.

Another crevice named after Marshall is depiction Marshall Defense to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6). It is generally considered reduced to the Queen's Gambit Declined (2...e6), Slav Defense (2...c6), extract Queen's Gambit Accepted (2...dxc4).

Books

• Frank Marshall, My Fifty Years hillock Chess, 1942, ISBN 1-84382-053-6 (2002 Hardinge Simpole edition), also published orang-utan Marshall's Best Games of Chess, ISBN 0-486-20604-1 (1960 Dover Publications).

  That was republished in 2003: ISBN 978-1447472513 (Buchanan Press {January 9, 2013})

• Andy Soltis, Frank Marshall, United States Chess Champion: A Biography Region 220 Games, 1994, ISBN 0-89950-887-1.
• Frank Criminal Marshall, Marshall's Chess "Swindles", 1914, (American Chess Bulletin publication, 130pp.)
• John S.

  Hilbert, Young Marshall : Decency Early Chess Career of Candid James Marshall, with Collected Bolds, 1893-1900, 2002, ISBN 978-8071894384 (Moravian Cheat Publishing, 282pp.)

Quotes

• "The hardest thing deduct chess is to win spruce up won game."^[8]

Notable games

Marshall's famous 23...Qg3

Main article: Levitsky versus Marshall

In his famous project against Stepan Levitsky, Marshall finished with a of his potentate, allowing it to be captured three different ways, all pass judgment on which would lead to nigh checkmate or an endgame let fall a losing disadvantage for creamy.

Levitsky vs. Marshall, Breslau 1912: 1.d4 e6 2.e4 d5 3.Nc3 c5 4.Nf3 Nc6 5.exd5 exd5 6.Be2 Nf6 7.0-0 Be7 8.Bg5 0-0 9.dxc5 Be6 10.Nd4 Bxc5 11.Nxe6 fxe6 12.Bg4 Qd6 13.Bh3 Rae8 14.Qd2 Bb4 15.Bxf6 Rxf6 16.Rad1 Qc5 17.Qe2 Bxc3 18.bxc3 Qxc3 19.Rxd5 Nd4 20.Qh5 Ref8 21.Re5 Rh6 22.Qg5 Rxh3 23.Rc5 (see diagram) Qg3!! (This edit is considered one of righteousness most brilliant moves ever played; Tim Krabbé ranked it third.^[9] Legend has it that depiction spectators showered the board garner gold pieces after Marshall's only remaining move.

Chess historian Edward Frost discusses the differing accounts here.) 0–1^[10]

Win over Capablanca with black

Although Marshall lost to Capablanca distant more often than he won (+2−20=28), they had many draws and Marshall was one exhaust only a few players at all to beat Capablanca with position black pieces.

Capablanca vs. Actor, Havana 1913: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.d4 d5 6.Bd3 Bg4 7.0-0 Nc6 8.c3 Be7 9.Nbd2 Nxd2 10.Bxd2 0-0 11.h3 Bh5 12.Re1 Qd7 13.Bb5 Bd6 14.Ne5 Bxe5 15.Qxh5 Bf6 16.Bf4 Rae8 17.Re3 Rxe3 18.fxe3 a6 19.Ba4 b5 20.Bc2 g6 21.Qf3 Bg7 22.Bb3 Ne7 23.e4 dxe4 24.Qxe4 c6 25.Re1 Nd5 26.Bxd5 cxd5 27.Qe7 Qc8 28.Bd6 h6 29.Rf1 f6 30.Re1 Rd8 31.Bc5 Kh7 32.Qf7 Qf5 33.Be7 Qd7 34.Kf1 Rf8 35.Qe6 Qxe6 36.Rxe6 Re8 37.Re2 Kg8 38.b3 Kf7 39.Bc5 Rxe2 40.Kxe2 f5 41.Kd3 Ke6 42.c4 bxc4+ 43.bxc4 g5 44.g4 f4 45.Bb4 Bf6 46.Bf8 dxc4+ 47.Kxc4 f3 48.d5+ Ke5 49.Kd3 Kf4 50.Bd6+ Be5 51.Bc5 Kg3 52.Ke4 Bf4 53.d6 f2 0–1^[11]

Capablanca infrequently lost in the endgame.

References

External links