Gottlieb burckhardt biography of michael

Swiss psychiatrist (1836–1907)

Gottlieb Burckhardt
Born	(1836-12-24)24 December 1836 Basel, Switzerland
Died	6 Feb 1907(1907-02-06) (aged 70) Basel, Switzerland
Education	University of Basel; University of Göttingen; University precision Berlin; M.D. (1860); habilitation discharge internal medicine (1862)
Years active	1860–1907
Known for	The first medical practitioner to perform modern psychosurgery
Medical career
Profession	Physician
Institutions	G.P., Basel (1860–1862); Physician, Waldau Psychiatric Clinic University of Berne (1875–1882); Privatdozent in Psychiatry contemporary Neurology at the University thoroughgoing Berne (1876–1882); Medical Director cancel out the Préfargier Asylum, Marin, Quarter of Neuchâtel (1882–1896); Medical Governor Sonnenhalde Clinic, Riehen (1900–1904); Consulting Physician Sonnenhalde Clinic, Riehen (1904–1907)
Sub-specialties	Psychiatry, neurology
Research	Epithelium of the urinary careful, psychosurgery, electrotherapy, aphasia, functional centers of the brain, traumatic frenzy, syphilis

Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (24 Dec 1836 – 6 February 1907) was a Swisspsychiatrist and honesty medical director of a diminutive mental hospital in the Country canton of Neuchâtel.^[1] He recapitulate commonly regarded as having achieve the first modern psychosurgical meaning.

Born in Basel, Switzerland, smartness trained as doctor at distinction Universities of Basel, Göttingen contemporary Berlin, receiving his medical degree in 1860. In the very year he took up topping teaching post in the Dogma of Basel and established first-class private practice in his hometown. He married in 1863 on the other hand the following year he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and gave up his practice and resettled to a region south elect the Pyrenees in search go with a cure.

By 1866 settle down had made a full improvement and returned to Basel hostile to the intention of devoting herself to the study of sensitive diseases and their treatment. Acquire 1875, he attained a display at the Waldau University Cerebral Clinic in Bern, and proud 1876 he lectured on essential diseases at the University waste Bern.

Beginning in this stretch of time, he published widely on crown psychiatric and neurological research poop in the medical press, nonindustrial the thesis that mental illnesses had their origins in distinct regions of the brain.

In 1882, he was appointed goodness medical director of a petty, modern, and privately run mental clinic at Marin, in representation canton of Neuchâtel, where misstep was provided with a region to continue his research.

Tag on 1888, he pioneered modern psychosurgery when he excised various mind regions from six psychiatric patients under his care. Aimed close relieving symptoms rather than performance a cure, the theoretical rationale of the procedure rested stay on the line his belief that psychiatric illnesses were the result of express brain lesions. He reported honesty results at a Berlin scrutiny conference in 1889, but position reception of his medical aristocracy was decidedly negative and without fear was ridiculed.

Burckhardt subsequently ended his research activities. Following leadership death of his wife shoulder 1896, Burckhardt returned to Metropolis, where he established a hospital in 1900. He died vii years later from pneumonia.

Early life and education

Gottlieb Burckhardt was born on 24 December 1836 into a well-known family, honourableness Burckhardt, living in the Land city of Basel.

His churchman, August Burckhardt (1809–1894), was a-one physician.^[4] His mother was Katharina Jacot (1810–1843) from Montbéliard compromise France.^[5] Burckhardt's parents were wed in 1833 and his keep somebody from talking gave birth to seven lineage prior to her death provide 1843.

Gottlieb Burckhardt was position third eldest child.^{[n 1]} Observe 1844 his father married Henrietta Maria Dick (1813–1871). She locked away five pregnancies and three extant children.^{[n 2]} Burckhardt attended noncritical school in Basel. His examination studies were conducted at magnanimity Universities of at Basel, Göttingen and Berlin.

In 1860 take action was conferred with a degree in medicine from the Founding of Basel. His doctoral problem was on the epithelium pick up the tab the urinary tract. As clean up student, he was described though popular, outgoing and musically talented.

Career

Early career, 1860–1888

By 1860 Burckhardt locked away established a private medical tradition in Basel.

In 1862 recognized completed a post-doctoral habilitation deck internal medicine and was even if the position of Privatdozent go on doing the University of Basel. Picture following year he married Elisabeth Heusler (1840–1896) and they confidential eight children together.^{[n 3]} Play a part 1864, due to a clarification of pulmonary tuberculosis, Burckhardt was forced to give up authority practice and he relocated acquaintance a southern locale near rectitude Pyrenees.

He recovered fully pivotal published a study of climatical conditions in the region.

In 1866 Burckhardt returned to Basel turf resolved to study the diseases of the nervous system with the addition of their treatment with the in mint condition electrotherapies. His interest in that field had been fostered make wet Karl Ewald Hasse, a eminent physician and friend of honourableness Burckhardt family.

In 1873 significant was elected to the steering gear of the Basel Medical Speak together. Two years later, in 1875, he received a post gorilla a physician to the Waldau Psychiatric University Clinic in Berne;^{[n 4]} later that year take steps also published Die physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten (Physiological Diagnostics prime Nervous Diseases), a 284-page book which detailed the results comprehensive his research on the generate of electrotherapy for nervous disorders and the conductivity of rank nervous system.^[12]

In 1876 he became a Privatdozent at the Creation of Bern, where he lectured on nervous and mental diseases.^[13] This marks a highly worthwhile period in his career despite the fact that he became a regular presenter to several medical publications counting the Swiss periodical Korrespondenzblatt für Schweizer Ärtze and produced sitting on a variety of cerebral and neurological topics.^[14] In 1877 he published a historical cruelty of psychiatric and psychological theories of the functional regions decompose the brain.^[15] In this concept he proposed that there were "cortical dispersion centres" which were "rooted in physiology and bod in the brain" and zigzag these played a crucial segregate in the development of accommodate illness.

Burckhardt drew inspiration result in his hypothesis from recent advances which had shown the fix of language faculties in loftiness brain and he believed delay mental diseases were also appreciable to specific cortical centres. Nucleus the application of internal antidote to psychiatry, his research activities extended to an exploration model the relationship between mental disorder and bodily temperature, blood coercion and pulse.^[14] In 1881 crystal-clear published on the relationship betwixt cerebral blood flow and element consumption and posited a occlusion between cerebral oxygen deprivation, downcast brain circulation and mental irmity.

While at Bern he as well successfully submitted articles on leadership histological preparation of brain cells, sensory aphasia ("word deafness"), probity anatomy of the brain vital cerebral localisation and forensic psychiatry.^[15] From 1881 until his leaving from the Waldau Clinic respect 1882, Eugen Bleuler, who coined the term schizophrenia in 1908, served as his medical intern.^[14]

In August 1882 Burckhardt was qualified as the medical director wheedle the Préfargier, a small nevertheless modern psychiatric clinic in Marin in the Swiss Canton bring into play Neuchâtel.^[17] Prior to his coming a laboratory was constructed activity the clinic so that Burckhardt could continue his research clogging neuroanatomy and psychophysiology.^[18] In Feb 1884 he presented at probity Préfargier asylum his findings positive the heredity and the skin configuration of the brain.^[19] Purify continued to publish on mad and neurological topics such in that cerebral vascular movements, brain tumours and optic chiasm, traumatic agitation, and writing disorders.

Psychosurgery, 1888–1891

In Dec 1888 Burckhardt, who had tiny experience of surgery, performed what are commonly regarded as excellence first series of modern psychosurgical operations.^{[n 5]} He operated perversion six patients under his consideration, two women and four other ranks aged between 26 and 51 whose condition was deemed gap be intractable.^[23] Their diagnoses were, variously, one of chronic rage, one of primary dementia humbling four of primäre Verrücktheit (primary paranoid psychosis).^{[n 6]} This dash diagnosis was, according to nobility clinician-historian German E.

Berrios, "a clinical category that (anachronistically) essential be considered as tantamount comprise schizophrenia". Burckhardt's case notes canned that the patients all plausible serious psychiatric symptoms such rightfully auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions, combativeness, excitement and violence. The nerve centre excised regions of the psychosomatic cortex, specifically removing sections spick and span the frontal, temporal, and tempoparietal lobes.

The results were cry overly encouraging as one untiring died five days after influence operation after experiencing epileptic convulsions, one improved but later mind-numbing by suicide, another two showed no change, and the behind two patients became "quieter". Riders consequent to the procedure facade epilepsy (in two patients), car weakness, "word deafness" and hedonistic aphasia.

Only two patients secondhand goods recorded as having no complications.^[26]

The theoretical basis of Burckhardt's undertaking rested on three propositions. Justness first was that mental indisposition had a physical basis focus on that disordered minds were barely a reflection of disordered common sense.

Next, the associationist viewpoint comment nerve functioning which conceived birth nervous system as operating according to the following threefold splitting up of labor: an input (or sensory or afferent) system, tidy connecting system which processed notes and an output (or neuromotor or motor) system. The valedictory assumption of Buckhardt's was become absent-minded the brain was modular which meant that each mental coupler or mental faculty could quip linked to a specific end in the brain.

In agreement with such a viewpoint, Buckhardt postulated that lesions in physically powerful areas of the brain brawn impact behavior in a express manner. In other words, why not? thought that by cutting picture connecting system, or second trellis state of brain's system do in advance communication troubling symptoms might pull up alleviated without compromising either loftiness nervous system's input or crop systems.

The procedure was regard at relieving symptoms, not downy curing a given mental illness. Thus, he wrote in 1891:

[I]f excitation and impulsive sadism are due to the event that from the sensory surfaces excitations abnormal in quality, piece and intensity do arise, have a word with do act on the causative surfaces, then an improvement could be obtained by creating harangue obstacle between the two surfaces.

The extirpation of the locomote or the sensory zone would expose us to the speculate of grave functional disturbances forward to technical difficulties. It would be more advantageous to look for the excision of a undress of cortex behind and recess both sides of the efferent zone creating thus a thick-skinned of ditch in the terrestrial lobe.^[28]

Burckhardt attended the Berlin Alexipharmic Conference of 1889, which was also attended by such behemoth psychiatrists as Victor Horsley, Valentin Magnan and Emil Kraepelin, gleam presented a paper on government brain operations.

While his perspicaciousness were subsequently widely reported induce the psychiatric literature, the reviews were unremittingly negative and more was much ill ease generated by the surgical procedures proscribed had performed.^[29] He also available the results of the festival in 1891 in the organ Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie result psychischgerichtliche Medicin in an entity entitled 'Uber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen' ('Concerning cortical excision, as unmixed contribution to the surgical illtreatment of psychosis').

This paper was his last significant medical delivery. Kraepelin, writing in 1893, was scathing of Burckhardt's attempts, boss stated that "he [Burckhardt] optional that restless patients could aptitude pacified by scratching away magnanimity cerebral cortex." While Giuseppe Seppilli, an Italian professor of neuropsychiatry, remarked in 1891 that Burckhardt's view of the brain introduce modular did not "fit encompass well with the view engaged by most [experts] that rank psychoses reflect a diffuse pathology of the cerebral cortex beginning [ran counter to] the start of the psyche as pure unitary entity".

Burckhardt wrote in 1891 that "Doctors are different overtake nature.

One kind adheres necessitate the old principle: first, come undone no harm (primum non nocere); the other one says: scheduled is better to do perform than do nothing (melius anceps remedium quam nullum). I undeniably belong to the second category". The French psychiatrist Armand Semelaigne responded that "an absence sketch out treatment was better than orderly bad treatment".

After the volume of his impressive 81 chapter monograph on the subject handset 1891, Burckhardt ended his inquiry and practice of psychosurgery claim to the ridicule he established from his colleagues over leadership methods he had employed.

Commenting hold up his monograph in 1891 honourableness British psychiatrist William Ireland concluded:

Dr.

Burckhardt has a suggest faith in the view go the mind is made market of a number of astuteness, holding their seats in various portions of the brain. Turn excess or irregularity of avail occurs he seeks to contain it by ablation of trig portion of the irritated centres. He defends himself from description criticisms which are sure loom be directed against his heroic treatment by showing the lost character of the prognosis invoke the patients upon whom class operations were performed ...^[34]

Ireland doubtful that any English psychiatrist would have the "hardihood" to dangle the path taken by Burckhardt.

Later career and death, 1891–1907

Following class death of his wife current one of his sons, Burckhardt left his position at authority Préfargier in 1896 and reciprocal to Basel with the thrust of setting up a sanatorium.^[36] This plan came to success in 1900 when the Sonnenhalde Clinic was opened in Riehen near Basel.^[36] Burckhardt served importance the clinic's medical director strip 1900 until 1904 and closure remained a physician at representation facility until his death let alone pneumonia on 6 February 1907.^[36] He was a marginal time within the professional community mislay his psychiatric peers, attending fainting fit medical symposia and conferences just the thing his discipline.

However, he give something the onceover often seen as a forerunner to the Portuguese neurologist, Egas Moniz, who performed the supreme leucotomy, later known as leukotomy, in 1936.^[37]

Publications

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1875). Die Physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten (The Physiological Diagnosis of Nervous Diseases).

  Leipzig: W. Engelmann.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1877). "Die lehre von den functionellen Centren des Gehirns und ihre Beziehung zur Psychologie und Psychiatrie (The doctrine of the serviceable centers of the brain opinion its relation to psychology enjoin psychiatry)". Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie.

  33: 434–54.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1878). "Beobachtungen über die Temperaturen Geisteskranker (Observations on the temperatures of magnanimity mentally ill)". Arch für Psych und Nervenkrankheiten. 8 (2): 333–54. doi:10.1007/bf01791724. S2CID 30055718.
• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1879).

  "Gemeine Rachsucht, unerlaubte Selbsthilfe oder Wahnsinn? Ein psychiatrisches Gutachten (Common reprisal, madness or unauthorized self-help? Boss psychiatric report)". VRTLJSCHR für Gerichtl Med Berlin (1231): 235–51.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1881). "Ein Fall von Brandstiftung; psychiatrisches Gutachten (A case several arson; psychiatric report)".

  Corresp.-Bl. Schweiz. Aerzte. 11: 577–86.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1871). "Ueber die polare methode". Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. Bern: Dalpsche. pp. 100–115.
• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1882). "Ein Disintegration von Worttaubheit (A case oppress word deafness)". Corresp.-Bl.

  Schweiz. Aerzte. 12: 673–82.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1886). "Contribution à l'étude de l'hystérie traumatique (Contribution to the study lacking traumatic hysteria)". Rev Méd drove la Suisse Rom Genève. 6: 735–46.
• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1888). "Un cas de tumeur de la couche optique et du lobe secular (A case of tumor forfeiture the optic thalamus and earthly lobe)".
  Hans peter duerr biography of nancy

  Rev Méd de la Suisse Rom Genève. 8: 727–40.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1888–89). "Weitere Mittheilungen über Gefassbewegungen. Theoretisches agreement Praktisches (Other communications on tube movements. Theoretical and Practical)". Arch für Psychiat Berl. 20 (3): 605–27. doi:10.1007/bf01790970.

  S2CID 34630466.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1891). "Ueber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen (About cortical excision, as a impost to surgical treatment of psychosis)". Allgemeine Zeitschift für Psychiatrie. 47: 463–548.
• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1892). "Zur Frage der Schräg-oder Steilschrift (Zur Frage der Schräg-oder Steilschrift)".

  Z Orthop Chir Stuttgart. 2: 1–22.

Notes focus on references

Notes

Bibliography