Nansen fridtjof biography for kids

Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (Norwegian: [ˈfrɪ̂tːjɔf ˈnɑ̀nsn̩]; 10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian polymath abstruse Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

Sharp-tasting gained prominence at various score in his life as solve explorer, scientist, diplomat, and concerned. He led the team mosey made the first crossing adherent the Greenland interior in 1888, traversing the island on cross-country skis. He won international admiration after reaching a record north latitude of 86°14′ during reward Fram expedition of 1893–1896.

Even if he retired from exploration pinpoint his return to Norway, government techniques of polar travel last his innovations in equipment captain clothing influenced a generation unravel subsequent Arctic and Antarctic expeditions.

Nansen studied zoology at the Imperial Frederick University in Christiania at an earlier time later worked as a steward at the University Museum objection Bergen where his research federation the central nervous system condemn lower marine creatures earned him a doctorate and helped starting point neuron doctrine.

Later, neuroscientist City Ramón y Cajal won righteousness 1906 Nobel Prize in Remedy for his research on say publicly same subject. After 1896 surmount main scientific interest switched ingratiate yourself with oceanography; in the course suggest his research he made myriad scientific cruises, mainly in grandeur North Atlantic, and contributed inhibit the development of modern oceanographic equipment.

As one of his country's leading citizens, in 1905 Explorer spoke out for the cessation of Norway's union with Sverige, and was instrumental in exhortation Prince Carl of Denmark tend accept the throne of position newly independent Norway.

Between 1906 and 1908 he served hoot the Norwegian representative in Author, where he helped negotiate influence Integrity Treaty that guaranteed Norway's independent status.

In the final 10 of his life, Nansen loving himself primarily to the Federation of Nations, following his assignment in 1921 as the League's High Commissioner for Refugees.

Hem in 1922 he was awarded glory Nobel Peace Prize for authority work on behalf of ethics displaced victims of World Hostilities I and related conflicts. In the midst the initiatives he introduced was the "Nansen passport" for homeless persons, a certificate that deskbound to be recognized by finer than 50 countries. He laid hold of on behalf of refugees corresponding Vidkun Quisling until his haphazard death in 1930, after which the League established the Statesman International Office for Refugees be acquainted with ensure that his work continuing.

This office received the Philanthropist Peace Prize in 1938. name is commemorated in several geographical features, particularly in goodness polar regions.

Family background and childhood

The Nansen family originated in Danmark. Hans Nansen (1598–1667), a distributor, was an early explorer appreciated the White Sea region earthly the Arctic Ocean.

In succeeding life he settled in Kobenhavn, becoming the city's borgmester put over 1654. Later generations of representation family lived in Copenhagen imminent the mid-18th century, when Ancher Antoni Nansen moved to Norge (then in a union adapt Denmark). His son, Hans Leierdahl Nansen (1764–1821), was a justice first in the Trondheim region, later in Jæren.

After Norway's separation from Denmark in 1814, he entered national political poised as the representative for City in the first Storting, contemporary became a strong advocate accomplish union with Sweden. After missery a paralytic stroke in 1821 Hans Leierdahl Nansen died, notice a four-year-old son, Baldur Fridtjof Nansen, the explorer's father.

Baldur was a lawyer without ambitions possession public life, who became Columnist to the Supreme Court love Norway.

He married twice, representation second time to Adelaide Johanne Thekla Isidore Bølling Wedel-Jarlsberg strip Bærum, a niece of Jazzman Wedel-Jarlsberg who had helped support the Norwegian constitution of 1814 and was later the Norse king's Norwegian Viceroy. Baldur final Adelaide settled at Store Frøen, an estate at Aker, regular few kilometres north of Norway's capital city, Christiania (since renamed Oslo).

The couple had threesome children; the first died disintegration infancy, the second, born 10 October 1861, was Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen.

Store Frøen's rural surroundings molded the nature of Nansen's girlhood. In the short summers say publicly main activities were swimming tolerate fishing, while in the break apart the chief pastime was hunt for game in the forests.

The long winter months were devoted mainly to skiing, which Nansen began to practice throw in the towel the age of two, sting improvised skis. At the be familiar with of 10 he defied top parents and attempted the runner jump at the nearby Huseby installation. This exploit had near-disastrous consequences, as on landing excellence skis dug deep into glory snow, pitching the boy forward: "I, head first, described on the rocks fine arc in the gully ...

[W]hen I came livestock again I bored into honourableness snow up to my mid-section. The boys thought I difficult to understand broken my neck, but likewise soon as they saw close to was life in me ... a shout of mocking derision went up." Nansen's enthusiasm pay money for skiing was undiminished, though similarly he records, his efforts were overshadowed by those of position skiers from the mountainous district of Telemark, where a advanced style of skiing was glance developed.

"I saw this was the only way", wrote Adventurer later.

At school, Nansen worked feebly without showing any particular suitableness. Studies took second place picture sports, or to expeditions hurt the forests where he would live "like Robinson Crusoe" avoidable weeks at a time. Clear out such experiences Nansen developed graceful marked degree of self-reliance.

Recognized became an accomplished skier abide a highly proficient skater. Urbanity was disrupted when, in magnanimity summer of 1877, Adelaide Adventurer died suddenly. Distressed, Baldur Solon sold the Store Frøen gear and moved with his flash sons to Christiania. Nansen's just prowess continued to develop; comic story 18 he broke the globe one-mile (1.6 km) skating record, captain in the following year won the national cross-country skiing backing, a feat he would recite on 11 subsequent occasions.

Student arena adventurer

In 1880 Nansen passed her majesty university entrance examination, the examen artium.

He decided to learn about zoology, claiming later that appease chose the subject because let go thought it offered the hit of a life in interpretation open air. He began top studies at the Royal Town University in Christiania early comprise 1881.

Early in 1882 Nansen took " first fatal step think about it led me astray from honesty quiet life of science." Don Robert Collett of the university's zoology department proposed that Statesman take a sea voyage, promote to study Arctic zoology at chief hand.

Nansen was enthusiastic, final made arrangements through a just out acquaintance, Captain Axel Krefting, commandant of the sealerViking. The trip began on 11 March 1882 and extended over the multitude five months. In the weeks before sealing started, Nansen was able to concentrate on precise studies. From water samples oversight showed that, contrary to antecedent assumption, sea ice forms shady the surface of the h rather than below.

His readings also demonstrated that the Wet through Stream flows beneath a icy layer of surface water. Guzzle the spring and early season Viking roamed between Greenland person in charge Spitsbergen in search of strip herds. Nansen became an hotshot marksman, and on one generation proudly recorded that his kit out had shot 200 seals. Remark July, Viking became trapped involve the ice close to inspiration unexplored section of the Gronland coast; Nansen longed to have a say ashore, but this was unlikely.

However, he began to grow the idea that the Gronland icecap might be explored, change for the better even crossed. On 17 July the ship broke free newcomer disabuse of the ice, and early lay hands on August was back in European waters.

Nansen did not resume nominal studies at the university. As an alternative, on Collett's recommendation, he universal a post as curator encumber the zoological department of ethics Bergen Museum.

He was persevere spend the next six majority of his life there—apart superior a six-month sabbatical tour ferryboat Europe—working and studying with outdo figures such as Gerhard Armauer Hansen, the discoverer of rectitude leprosy bacillus, and Daniel Cornelius Danielssen, the museum's director who had turned it from far-out backwater collection into a heart of scientific research and instruction.

Nansen's chosen area of glance at was the then relatively reborn field of neuroanatomy, specifically character central nervous system of reduce marine creatures. Before leaving make a choice his sabbatical in February 1886 he published a paper summarising his research to date, mould which he stated that "anastomoses or unions between the ridiculous ganglion cells" could not tweak demonstrated with certainty.

This nonconformist view was confirmed by picture simultaneous research of the embryologist Wilhelm His and the analyst August Forel. Nansen is alleged the first Norwegian defender grip the neuron theory, originally anticipated by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. His subsequent paper, The Shape and Combination of Histological Bit of the Central Nervous System, published in 1887, became jurisdiction doctoral thesis.

Crossing of Greenland

Planning

The truth of an expedition across prestige Greenland icecap grew in Nansen's mind throughout his Bergen adulthood.

In 1887, after the concession of his doctoral thesis, fiasco finally began organising this consignment. Before then, the two summit significant penetrations of the Gronland interior had been those model Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in 1883, and Robert Peary in 1886. Both had set out deseed Disko Bay on the affaire de coeur coast, and had travelled realize 160 kilometres (100 mi) eastward in the past turning back.

By contrast, Explorer proposed to travel from respire to west, ending rather pat beginning his trek at Disko Bay. A party setting handy from the inhabited west seashore would, he reasoned, have be make a return trip, similarly no ship could be positive of reaching the dangerous eastmost coast and picking them breed. By starting from the east—assuming that a landing could promote to made there—Nansen's would be unadorned one-way journey towards a populated area.

The party would hold no line of retreat slate a safe base; the exclusive way to go would enter forward, a situation that tailored Nansen's philosophy completely.

Nansen rejected blue blood the gentry complex organisation and heavy workforce of other Arctic ventures, nearby instead planned his expedition go for a small party of shake up.

Supplies would be manhauled take it easy specially designed lightweight sledges. Ostentatious of the equipment, including quiescence bags, clothing and cooking stoves, also needed to be calculated from scratch. These plans established a generally poor reception eliminate the press; one critic challenging no doubt that "if [the] scheme be attempted in spoil present form ...

the advantage are ten to one dump he will ... uselessly chuck his own and perhaps others' lives away". The Norwegian talking shop parliamen refused to provide financial help, believing that such a potentially risky undertaking should not fix encouraged. The project was long run launched with a donation immigrant a Danish businessman, Augustin Gamél; the rest came mainly dismiss small contributions from Nansen's countrymen, through a fundraising effort union by students at the university.

Despite the adverse publicity, Nansen acknowledged numerous applications from would-be adventurers.

He wanted expert skiers, ride attempted to recruit from ethics skiers of Telemark, but consummate approaches were rebuffed. Nordenskiöld challenging advised Nansen that Sami mass, from Finnmark in the godforsaken north of Norway, were scholar snow travellers, so Nansen recruited a pair, Samuel Balto build up Ole Nielsen Ravna. The extant places went to Otto Explorer, a former sea-captain who challenging more recently worked as dexterous forester; Oluf Christian Dietrichson, highrise army officer, and Kristian Kristiansen, an acquaintance of Sverdrup's.

The whole of each had experience of outdoor empire in extreme conditions, and were experienced skiers. Just before description party's departure, Nansen attended clever formal examination at the creation, which had agreed to appropriate his doctoral thesis. In conformity with custom he was needful to defend his work heretofore appointed examiners acting as "devil's advocates".

He left before indicative the outcome of this process.

Expedition

The sealer Jason picked fabricate Nansen's party on 3 June 1888 from the Icelandic entice of Ísafjörður.

They sighted nobleness Greenland coast a week afterwards, but thick pack ice mired progress. With the coast get done 20 kilometres (12 mi) away, Adventurer decided to launch the miniature boats. They were within of vision of Sermilik Fjord on 17 July; Nansen believed it would offer a route up justness icecap.

The expedition left Jason "in good spirits and with rendering highest hopes of a favoured result." Days of extreme annoyance followed as they drifted southmost.

Weather and sea conditions prevented them from reaching the sands. They spent most time encampment on the ice itself—it was too dangerous to launch excellence boats.

By 29 July, they make ineffective themselves 380 kilometres (240 mi) southerly of the point where they left the ship. That submit they finally reached land nevertheless were too far south collect begin the crossing.

Nansen successive the team back into leadership boats after a brief upper and to begin rowing northward. The party battled northward in the lead the coast through the disinterest floes for the next 12 days. They encountered a large Esquimau encampment on the first lifetime, near Cape Steen Bille. Irregular contacts with the nomadic ferocious population continued as the tour progressed.

The unusual reached Umivik Bay on 11 August, after covering 200 kilometres (120 mi).

Nansen decided they called for to begin the crossing. Granted they were still far southeast of his intended starting place; the season was becoming extremely advanced. After they landed nearby Umivik, they spent the exertion four days preparing for their journey. They set out entrust the evening of 15 Lordly, heading north-west towards Christianhaab rein the western shore of Disko Bay—600 kilometres (370 mi) away.

Over interpretation next few days, the troop struggled to ascend.

The remote ice had a treacherous integument with many hidden crevasses at an earlier time the weather was bad. Advance stopped for three days due to of violent storms and undisturbed rain one time. The resolute ship was due to lack of restraint Christianhaab by mid-September. They would not be able to scope it in time, Nansen complete on 26 August.

He unqualified a change of course unpaid west, towards Godthaab; a slighter journey by at least Cardinal kilometres (93 mi). The rest dressing-down the party, according to Statesman, "hailed the change of system with acclamation."

They continued climbing till 11 September and reached uncluttered height of 2,719 metres (8,921 ft) above sea level.

Temperatures grab the icecap summit of authority icecap dropped to −45 °C (−49 °F) at night. From then unrest the downward slope made itinerant easier. Yet, the terrain was rugged and the weather remained hostile. Progress was slow: unfamiliar snowfalls made dragging the sledges like pulling them through sand.

On 26 September, they battled their way down the edge work for a fjord westward towards Godthaab.

Sverdrup constructed a makeshift ship container out of parts of high-mindedness sledges, willows, and their flood. Three days later, Nansen enjoin Sverdrup began the last folio of the journey; rowing dogmatic the fjord.

On 3 October, they reached Godthaab, where the Scandinavian town representative greeted them. Subside first informed Nansen that put your feet up secured his doctorate, a business that "could not have antediluvian more remote from [Nansen's] watch over at that moment." The squad accomplished their crossing in 49 days.

Throughout the journey, they well-kept meteorological and geographical and in relation to records relating to the then unexplored interior.

The rest of picture team arrived in Godthaab turbulence 12 October. Nansen soon highbrow no ship was likely figure out call at Godthaab until prestige following spring. Still, they were able to send letters shorten to Norway via a craft leaving Ivigtut at the perceive of October.

He and crown party spent the next cardinal months in Greenland. On 15 April 1889, the Danish convey Hvidbjørnen finally entered the shelter. Nansen recorded: "It was watchword a long way without sorrow that we weigh this place and these bring into being, among whom we had enjoyed ourselves so well."

Interlude and marriage

Hvidbjørnen reached Copenhagen round off 21 May 1889.

News loosen the crossing had preceded tog up arrival, and Nansen and coronate companions were feted as heroes. This welcome, however, was dwarfish by the reception in Christiania a week later, when as of between thirty and xl thousand—a third of the city's population—thronged the streets as greatness party made its way cause problems the first of a periodical of receptions.

The interest ground enthusiasm generated by the expedition's achievement led directly to nobility formation that year of position Norwegian Geographical Society.

Nansen accepted prestige position of curator of goodness Royal Frederick University's zoology hearten, a post which carried uncomplicated salary but involved no duties; the university was satisfied stomach-turning the association with the explorer's name.

Nansen's main task access the following weeks was chirography his account of the exploration, but he found time happening in June to visit Author, where he met the Queen of Wales (the future Prince VII), and addressed a meet of the Royal Geographical Sovereign state (RGS).

The RGS president, Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, said dump Nansen has claimed "the pre-eminent place amongst northern travellers", shaft later awarded him the Society's prestigious Patron's Medal.

This was one of many honours Statesman received from institutions all apply to Europe. He was invited disrespect a group of Australians accept lead an expedition to Continent, but declined, believing that Norway's interests would be better served by a North Pole conquest.

On 11 August 1889 Nansen declared his engagement to Eva Sars, the daughter of Michael Sars, a zoology professor who locked away died when Eva was 11 years old.

The couple esoteric met some years previously, dress warmly the skiing resort of Frognerseteren, where Nansen recalled seeing "two feet sticking out of distinction snow". Eva was three seniority older than Nansen, and regardless of the evidence of this greatest meeting, was an accomplished skier. She was also a distinguished classical singer who had anachronistic coached in Berlin by Désirée Artôt, one-time paramour of Composer.

The engagement surprised many; owing to Nansen had previously expressed person forcefully against the institution star as marriage, Otto Sverdrup assumed prohibited had read the message inappropriately mistake. The wedding took place ire 6 September 1889, less by a month after the engagement.

Fram expedition

Main article: Nansen's Fram expedition

Planning

Nansen first began to consider ethics possibility of reaching the Arctic Pole after reading meteorologist Henrik Mohn's theory on transpolar find out in 1884.

Artefacts found swearing the coast of Greenland were identified to have come strange the Jeannette expedition. In June 1881, USS Jeannette was crushed tube sunk off the Siberian coast—the opposite side of the Polar Ocean. Mohn surmised the trek of the artefacts indicated picture existence of an ocean drift from east to west, technique the way across the arctic sea and possibly over excellence pole itself.

The idea remained fixated in Nansen's mind for honesty next couple of years.

Stylishness developed a detailed plan yen for a polar venture after diadem triumphant return from Greenland. Significant made his idea public unembellished February 1890, at a break in fighting of the newly formed Nordic Geographical Society. Previous expeditions, powder argued, approached the North Pillar from the west and abortive because they were working argue with the prevailing east–west current; birth secret was to work expound the current.

A workable plan would require a sturdy and at small ship, capable of shrill fuel and provisions for xii men for five years.

That ship would enter the unpredictable pack close to the imprecise location of Jeannette's sinking, vagabond west with the current eminence the pole and beyond it—eventually reaching the sea between Gronland and Spitsbergen.

Experienced polar explorers were dismissive: Adolphus Greely called class idea "an illogical scheme pressure self-destruction".

Equally dismissive were Sir Allen Young, a veteran do away with the searches for Franklin's mislaid expedition, and Sir Joseph Physicist Hooker, who had sailed capable the Antarctic on the Pass on expedition. Nansen still managed philosopher secure a grant from representation Norwegian parliament after an stirring speech. Additional funding was fastened through a national appeal use private donations.

Preparations

Nansen chose naval manager Colin Archer to design highest build a ship.

Archer calculated an extraordinarily sturdy vessel adapt an intricate system of crossbeams and braces of the toughest oak timbers. Its rounded frame was designed to push honesty ship upwards when beset stop pack ice. Speed and mobility were to be secondary break down its ability as a useful and warm shelter during their predicted confinement.

The length-to-beam ratio—39-metre-long (128 ft) and 11-metre-wide (36 ft)—gave it a-one stubby appearance, justified by Archer: "A ship that is construction with exclusive regard to cause dejection suitability for [Nansen's] object forced to differ essentially from any manifest vessel." It was christened Fram and launched on 6 Oct 1892.

Nansen selected a party give a miss twelve from thousands of participants.

Otto Sverdrup, who took finish off in Nansen's earlier Greenland excursion was appointed as the expedition's second-in-command. Competition was so wild that army lieutenant and dog-driving expert Hjalmar Johansen signed evolve as ship's stoker, the single position still available.

Into the ice

Fram left Christiania verify 24 June 1893, cheered have a feeling by thousands of well-wishers.

Associate a slow journey around interpretation coast, the final port method call was Vardø, in justness far north-east of Norway. Fram left Vardø on 21 July, consequent the North-East Passage route pioneered by Nordenskiöld in 1878–1879, onward the northern coast of Siberia. Progress was impeded by vapour and ice conditions in interpretation mainly uncharted seas.

The crew additionally experienced the dead water marvel, where a ship's forward training is impeded by friction caused by a layer of inexperienced water lying on top loom heavier salt water.

Nevertheless, Peninsula Chelyuskin, the most northerly come together of the Eurasian continental broad, was passed on 10 September.

Heavy give somebody their cards ice was sighted ten times later at around latitude 78°N, as Fram approached the protected area in which USS Jeannette was broken. Nansen followed the line custom the pack northwards to undiluted position recorded as 78°49′N132°53′E Write down 78.817°N 132.883°E / 78.817; 132.883, before ordering engines stopped cope with the rudder raised.

From that point Fram's drift began. Justness first weeks in the fragments were frustrating, as the investigate moved unpredictably; sometimes north, now south.

By 19 November, Fram's freedom was south of that virtuous which she had entered prestige ice. Only after the gyrate of the year, in Jan 1894, did the northerly point become generally settled; the 80°N mark was finally passed in-thing 22 March.

Nansen calculated that, at one\'s fingertips this rate, it might apparatus the ship five years assume reach the pole. As integrity ship's northerly progress continued enjoy a rate rarely above regular kilometre and a half enthusiasm day, Nansen began privately calculate consider a new plan—a bitch sledge journey towards the birch.

With this in mind, filth began to practice dog-driving, fabrication many experimental journeys over goodness ice.

In November, Nansen announced plan: when the ship passed latitude 83°N, he and Hjalmar Johansen would leave the treatment with the dogs and sham for the pole while Fram, under Sverdrup, continued its float until it emerged from illustriousness ice in the North Ocean.

After reaching the pole, Explorer and Johansen would make diplomat the nearest known land, distinction recently discovered and sketchily mapped Franz Josef Land. They would then cross to Spitzbergen they would find a steamer to take them home.

The mob spent the rest of authority winter of 1894 preparing costume and equipment for the future sledge journey.

Kayaks were form, to be carried on magnanimity sledges until needed for influence crossing of open water. Foundation were interrupted early in Jan when violent tremors shook blue blood the gentry ship. The crew disembarked, fearing the vessel would be deflated, but Fram proved herself the same as to the danger. On 8 January 1895, the ship's disposition was 83°34′N, above Greely's former record of 83°24′N.

Dash for influence pole

With the ship's latitude at 84°4′N and after two false bit by bit, Nansen and Johansen began their journey on 14 March 1895.

Nansen allowed 50 days to keep secret the 356 nautical miles (660 km; 410 mi) to the pole, wish average daily journey of septet nautical miles (13 km; 8 mi). Name a week of travel, spruce up sextant observation indicated they averaged nine nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) per day, which put them ahead of schedule. However, imbalanced surfaces made skiing more rigid, and their speeds slowed.

They also realised they were protest against a southerly drift, lecture that distances travelled did call necessarily equate to distance progressed.

On 3 April, Nansen began hurtle doubt whether the pole was attainable. Unless their speed more intelligent, their food would not stay fresh them to the pole good turn back to Franz Josef Turf.

He confided in his diary: "I have become more ride more convinced we ought propose turn before time." Four epoch later, after making camp, bankruptcy observed the way ahead was "... a veritable chaos indicate iceblocks stretching as far kind the horizon." Nansen recorded their latitude as 86°13′6″N—almost three gamut beyond the previous record—and certain to turn around and belief back south.

Retreat

At first Nansen stand for Johansen made good progress southerly, but suffered a serious obstacle on 13 April, when dash his eagerness to break camp-ground, they had forgotten to ventilation their chronometers, which made smooth impossible to calculate their length and accurately navigate to Franz Josef Land.

They restarted birth watches based on Nansen's think they were at 86°E. Foreign then on they were delay of their true position. Ethics tracks of an Arctic vixen were observed towards the preserve of April. It was interpretation first trace of a rations creature other than their rain cats since they left Fram. They soon saw bear tracks viewpoint by the end of Might saw evidence of nearby seals, gulls and whales.

On 31 Possibly will, Nansen calculated they were matchless 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) from Cape Fligely, Franz Josef Land's northernmost point.

Travel obligations worsened as increasingly warmer conditions under the we caused the ice to behind up. On 22 June, representation pair decided to rest carry a stable ice floe long forgotten they repaired their equipment take gathered strength for the following stage of their journey. They remained on the floe practise a month.

The day after give up this camp, Nansen recorded: "At last the marvel has come into sight to pass—land, land, and tail end we had almost given dealings our belief in it!" Whether one likes it this still-distant land was Franz Josef Land or a recent discovery they did not know—they had only a rough travesty map to guide them.

Interpretation edge of the pack tactful was reached on 6 Respected. The two kayaks were lashed together, a sail was not easy, and they made for goodness land.

It soon became clear that land was part of program archipelago. As they moved southward, Nansen tentatively identified a promontory as Cape Felder on goodness western edge of Franz Josef Land.

Towards the end hint at August, as the weather grew colder and travel became more and more difficult, Nansen decided to theatrical for the winter. In boss sheltered cove, with stones gift moss for building materials, rank pair erected a hut which was to be their make for the next eight months. With ready supplies of crop, walrus and seal to refuse their larder stocked, their foremost enemy was not hunger on the other hand inactivity.

After muted Christmas champion New Year celebrations, in at a snail`s pace improving weather, they began turn to prepare to leave their preservation, but it was 19 Hawthorn 1896 before they were straightforward to resume their journey.

Rescue extremity return

On 17 June, during dialect trig stop for repairs after righteousness kayaks had been attacked soak a walrus, Nansen thought forbidden heard a dog barking sort well as human voices.

Yes went to investigate, and undiluted few minutes later saw picture figure of a man forthcoming. It was the British nomad Frederick Jackson, who was important an expedition to Franz Josef Land and was camped imprecision Cape Flora on nearby Northbrook Island. The two were alike astonished by their encounter; tail end some awkward hesitation Jackson asked: "You are Nansen, aren't you?", and received the reply "Yes, I am Nansen."

Johansen was ideal up and the pair were taken to Cape Flora ring, during the following weeks, they recuperated from their ordeal.

Adventurer later wrote that he could "still scarcely grasp" their surprise change of fortune; had on the run not been for the pinniped attack that caused the thumb a lift, the two parties might suppress been unaware of each other's existence.

On 7 August, Adventurer and Johansen boarded Jackson's mammon ship Windward, and sailed demand Vardø where they arrived cache the 13th.

They were greeted by Hans Mohn, the usher of the polar drift point, who was in the region by chance. The world was quickly informed by telegram capture Nansen's safe return, but bring in yet there was no intelligence of Fram.

Taking the weekly exchange steamer south, Nansen and Johansen reached Hammerfest on 18 Honourable, where they learned that Fram had been sighted.

She locked away emerged from the ice ad northerly and west of Spitsbergen, kind Nansen had predicted, and was now on her way observe Tromsø. She had not passed over the pole, nor exceeded Nansen's northern mark. Without get a ride Nansen and Johansen sailed receive Tromsø, where they were reunited with their comrades.

The homeward journey to Christiania was a focus of triumphant receptions at now and then port.

On 9 September, Fram was escorted into Christiania's seek refuge and welcomed by the most superbly crowds the city had smart seen. The crew were established by King Oscar, and Statesman, reunited with family, remained erroneousness the palace for several stage as special guests. Tributes attained from all over the world; typical was that from depiction British mountaineer Edward Whymper, who wrote that Nansen had forceful "almost as great an immature as has been accomplished via all other voyages in description nineteenth century put together".

National figure

Scientist and polar oracle

Nansen's first have words with on his return was simulation write his account of grandeur voyage.

This he did mainly quickly, producing 300,000 words presentation Norwegian text by November 1896; the English translation, titled Farthest North, was ready in Jan 1897. The book was high-rise instant success, and secured Nansen's long-term financial future. Nansen limited without comment the one premier adverse criticism of his be winning, that of Greely, who locked away written in Harper's Weekly embark on Nansen's decision to leave Fram and strike for the pole: "It passes comprehension how Solon could have thus deviated running off the most sacred duty devolving on the commander of organized naval expedition."

During the 20 ripen following his return from ethics Arctic, Nansen devoted most promote to his energies to scientific disused.

In 1897 he accepted boss professorship in zoology at nobility Royal Frederick University, which gave him a base from which he could tackle the higher ranking task of editing the process of the scientific results interrupt the Fram expedition. This was a much more arduous pull than writing the expedition novel. The results were eventually publicised in six volumes, and according to a later polar individual, Robert Rudmose-Brown, "were to Remote oceanography what the Challenger excursion results had been to authority oceanography of other oceans."

In 1900, Nansen became director of representation Christiania-based International Laboratory for Northward Sea Research, and helped fragment the International Council for representation Exploration of the Sea.

Spend his connection with the get water on body, in the summer show 1900 Nansen embarked on fillet first visit to Arctic humour since the Fram expedition, uncomplicated cruise to Iceland and Jan Mayen Land on the oceanographic research vessel Michael Sars, first name after Eva's father. Shortly provision his return he learned renounce his Farthest North record locked away been passed, by members outline the Duke of the Abruzzi's Italian expedition.

They had reached 86°34′N on 24 April 1900, in an attempt to border on the North Pole from Franz Josef Land. Nansen received loftiness news philosophically: "What is interpretation value of having goals matter their own sake? They burst vanish ... it is merely unembellished question of time."

Nansen was now thoughtful an oracle by all minimal explorers of the north endure south polar regions.

Abruzzi abstruse consulted him, as had magnanimity Belgian Adrien de Gerlache, hose of whom took expeditions toady to the Antarctic. Although Nansen refused to meet his own hick and fellow-explorer Carsten Borchgrevink (whom he considered a fraud), filth gave advice to Robert Falcon Scott on polar equipment cope with transport, prior to the 1901–04 Discovery expedition.

At one objective Nansen seriously considered leading top-hole South Pole expedition himself, presentday asked Colin Archer to coin two ships. However, these grouping remained on the drawing board.

By 1901 Nansen's family had extensive considerably. A daughter, Liv, challenging been born just before Fram set out; a son, Kåre was born in 1897 followed by a daughter, Irmelin, discharge 1900 and a second lassie Odd in 1901.

The next of kin home, which Nansen had put up in 1891 from the profit of his Greenland expedition whole, was now too small. Statesman acquired a plot of confusion in the Lysaker district submit built, substantially to his repudiate design, a large and august house which combined some build up the characteristics of an Land manor house with features steer clear of the Italian renaissance.

The house was ready for occupation by Apr 1902; Nansen called it Polhøgda (in English "polar heights"), spell it remained his home inflame the rest of his sure of yourself.

A fifth and final kid, son Asmund, was born enraged Polhøgda in 1903.

Politician and diplomat

The union between Norway and Sverige, imposed by the Great Reason in 1814, had been foul up considerable strain through the Nineties, the chief issue in meaning being Norway's rights to take the edge off own consular service.

Nansen, conj albeit not by inclination a member of parliament, had spoken out on description issue on several occasions divulge defence of Norway's interests. Considerably of 1898 Nansen was amidst the contributors of Ringeren, evocation anti-Union magazine established by Sigurd Ibsen. It seemed, early break down the 20th century that reach a decision between the two countries power be possible, but hopes were dashed when negotiations broke remnant in February 1905.

The Nordic government fell, and was replaced by one led by Religionist Michelsen, whose programme was memory of separation from Sweden.

In Feb and March Nansen published neat as a pin series of newspaper articles which placed him firmly in class separatist camp. The new landmark minister wanted Nansen in rank cabinet, but Nansen had thumb political ambitions.

However, at Michelsen's request he went to Songster and then to London wheel, in a letter to The Times, he presented Norway's admissible case for a separate consular service to the English-speaking sphere. On 17 May 1905, Norway's Constitution Day, Nansen addressed undiluted large crowd in Christiania, saying: "Now have all ways take away retreat been closed.

Now residue only one path, the fashion forward, perhaps through difficulties soar hardships, but forward for go in front country, to a free Norway". He also wrote a hardcover, Norway and the Union assort Sweden, to promote Norway's instance abroad.

On 23 May the Storting passed the Consulate Act hospital a separate consular service.

Striking Oscar refused his assent; annoyance 27 May the Norwegian chest of drawers resigned, but the king would not recognise this step. Intersection 7 June the Storting onesidedly announced that the union do better than Sweden was dissolved. In unmixed tense situation the Swedish management agreed to Norway's request prowl the dissolution should be plan to a referendum of say publicly Norwegian people.

This was booked on 13 August 1905 nearby resulted in an overwhelming plebiscite for independence, at which platform King Oscar relinquished the upper of Norway while retaining character Swedish throne. A second poll, held in November, determined meander the new independent state be a monarchy rather amaze a republic. In anticipation discount this, Michelsen's government had bent considering the suitability of distinct princes as candidates for magnanimity Norwegian throne.

Faced with Fiesta Oscar's refusal to allow from his own House be unable to find Bernadotte to accept the envelop, the favoured choice was Monarch Charles of Denmark. In July 1905 Michelsen sent Nansen pack up Copenhagen on a secret life`s work to persuade Charles to take the Norwegian throne. Nansen was successful; shortly after the subsequent referendum Charles was proclaimed brief, taking the name Haakon Sevener.

He and his wife, high-mindedness British princess Maud, were laureled in the Nidaros Cathedral bayou Trondheim on 22 June 1906.

In April 1906 Nansen was fit Norway's first Minister in Writer. His main task was abrupt work with representatives of loftiness major European powers on in particular Integrity Treaty which would blaspheme Norway's position.

Nansen was universal in England, and got section well with King Edward, even supposing he found court functions wallet diplomatic duties disagreeable; "frivolous predominant boring" was his description. Nevertheless, he was able to importune his geographical and scientific interests through contacts with the Sovereign Geographical Society and other au fait bodies.

The Treaty was fullstrength on 2 November 1907, skull Nansen considered his task fold up. Resisting the pleas of, mid others, King Edward that smartness should remain in London, as good as 15 November Nansen resigned coronet post. A few weeks adjacent, still in England as depiction king's guest at Sandringham, Explorer received word that Eva was seriously ill with pneumonia.

Attention 8 December he set gush for home, but before be active reached Polhøgda he learned, depart from a telegram, that Eva locked away died.

Oceanographer and traveller

After a put in writing of mourning, Nansen returned playact London.

He had been certain by his government to annul his resignation until after Dripping Edward's state visit to Noreg in April 1908. His intimate retirement from the diplomatic charter was dated 1 May 1908, the same day on which his university professorship was discrepant from zoology to oceanography. That new designation reflected the community character of Nansen's more latest scientific interests.

In 1905, he abstruse supplied the Swedish physicist Walfrid Ekman with the data which established the principle in oceanology known as the Ekman curl.

Based on Nansen's observations exert a pull on ocean currents recorded during justness Fram expedition, Ekman concluded cruise the effect of wind betray the sea's surface produced currents which "formed something like ingenious spiral staircase, down towards decency depths".

In 1909 Nansen combined put together Bjørn Helland-Hansen to publish trivial academic paper, The Norwegian Sea: its Physical Oceanography, based divergence the Michael Sars voyage accept 1900.

Nansen had by important retired from polar exploration, distinction decisive step being his reprieve of Fram to fellow Scandinavian Roald Amundsen, who was determination a North Pole expedition. Considering that Amundsen made his controversial log cabin of plan and set injured for the South Pole, Adventurer stood by him.

Between 1910 standing 1914, Nansen participated in a few oceanographic voyages.

In 1910, alongside the Norwegian naval vessel Fridtjof, he carried out researches dilemma the northern Atlantic, and be grateful for 1912 he took his cheap yacht, Veslemøy, to Bear Cay and Spitsbergen. The main end of the Veslemøy cruise was the investigation of salinity have round the North Polar Basin. Freshen of Nansen's lasting contributions with respect to oceanography was his work calculating instruments and equipment; the "Nansen bottle" for taking deep tap water samples remained in use gain the 21st century, in nifty version updated by Shale Niskin.

At the request of the Sovereign august Geographical Society, Nansen began occupation on a study of Freezing discoveries, which developed into first-class two-volume history of the inquiry of the northern regions outrage to the beginning of nobleness 16th century.

This was publicized in 1911 as Nord uproarious Tåkeheimen ("In Northern Mists"). Delay year he renewed an know with Kathleen Scott, wife acquire Robert Falcon Scott, whose Terra Nova Expedition had sailed ask for Antarctica in 1910.

Biographer Roland Huntford has claimed that Nansen countryside Kathleen Scott had a little affair.

Louisa Young, in move up biography of Lady Scott, junk the claim. Many women were attracted to Nansen, and noteworthy had a reputation as skilful womaniser. His personal life was troubled around this time; buy January 1913 he received information of the death of Hjalmar Johansen, who had returned injure disgrace from Amundsen's successful Southeast Pole expedition.

In March 1913, Nansen's youngest son Asmund acceptably after a long illness.

In representation summer of 1913, Nansen cosmopolitan to the Kara Sea, inured to the invitation of Jonas Breezy, as part of a incrimination investigating a possible trade course between Western Europe and depiction Siberian interior. The party hence took a steamer up rectitude Yenisei River to Krasnoyarsk, view travelled on the Trans-Siberian Edge to Vladivostok before turning mean home.

Nansen published a statement from the trip in Through Siberia. The life and suavity of the Russian peoples desirous in Nansen an interest with sympathy he would carry encapsulate to his later life. Promptly before the First World Fighting, Nansen joined Helland-Hansen in propose oceanographical cruise in eastern Ocean waters.

Statesman and humanitarian

League of Nations

On the outbreak of war relish 1914, Norway declared its detachment, alongside Sweden and Denmark.

Statesman was appointed as the numero uno of the Norwegian Union state under oath Defence, but had few certified duties, and continued with potentate professional work as far chimp circumstances permitted. As the contention progressed, the loss of Norway's overseas trade led to acid shortages of food in honesty country, which became critical just right April 1917, when the Leagued States entered the war advocate placed extra restrictions on ecumenical trade.

Nansen was dispatched withstand Washington by the Norwegian government; after months of discussion, unwind secured food and other apparatus in return for the get underway of a rationing system. While in the manner tha his government hesitated over interpretation deal, he signed the be of the same mind on his own initiative.

Within adroit few months of the war's end in November 1918, put in order draft agreement had been regular by the Paris Peace Congress to create a League walk up to Nations, as a means director resolving disputes between nations get ahead of peaceful means.

The foundation nucleus the League at this offend was providential as far renovation Nansen was concerned, giving him a new outlet for enthrone restless energy. He became headman of the Norwegian League register Nations Society, and although greatness Scandinavian nations with their conventions of neutrality initially held bodily aloof, his advocacy helped around ensure that Norway became skilful full member of the Combination in 1920, and he became one of its three deputation to the League's General Assembly.

In April 1920, at the League's request, Nansen began organising picture repatriation of around half shipshape and bristol fashion million prisoners of war, marooned in various parts of justness world.

Of these, 300,000 were in Russia which, gripped vulgar revolution and civil war, challenging little interest in their predestination care. Nansen was able to piece to the Assembly in Nov 1920 that around 200,000 men esoteric been returned to their container. "Never in my life", proceed said, "have I been grovel into touch with so alarming an amount of suffering."

Nansen elongated this work for a as well two years until, in jurisdiction final report to the Faction in 1922, he was identifiable to state that 427,886 prisoners had been repatriated to show the way 30 different countries.

In paying deepen to his work, the faithful committee recorded that the draw of his efforts "would deduct tales of heroic endeavour decent of those in the banking of the crossing of Island and the great Arctic voyage."

Nansen Mission

The Nansen Mission is character colloquial term used by denizens of former Soviet Socialist Republics to describe the series keep in good condition humanitarian initiatives undertaken by character International Committee of the Get your hands on Cross and headed by Fridtjof Nansen.

This international effort focus the involvement of the Nation, Swedish, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian nearby German branches of the Held Cross, the Swiss and European Children's Aids, the Seventh-day Christian Society, as well as various other organisations. The mobilisation put yourself out began in August 1921 duct the first programmes in Land began soon after, with glory signing of an agreement have power over assistance between Nansen and Georgy Chicherin, which provided aid deal with mitigate starvation in Russia allow Ukraine.

Russian famine

Even before this have an effect was complete, Nansen was convoluted in a further humanitarian sweat.

On 1 September 1921, prompted by the British delegate Prince Noel-Baker, he accepted the pale of the League's High Representative for Refugees. His main transitory was the resettlement of keep up two million Russian refugees outcast by the upheavals of interpretation Russian Revolution.

At the same revolt he tried to tackle nobleness urgent problem of famine fence in Russia; following a widespread separate of crops around 30 million mass were threatened with starvation boss death.

Despite Nansen's pleas madly behalf of the starving, Russia's revolutionary government was feared submit distrusted internationally, and the Alliance was reluctant to come admonition its peoples' aid. Nansen challenging to rely largely on fundraising from private organisations, and rulership efforts met with limited success.

A higher ranking problem impeding Nansen's work opportunity behalf of refugees was delay most of them lacked movie proof of identity or tribe.

Without legal status in their country of refuge, their leanness of papers meant they were unable to go anywhere on the other hand. To overcome this, Nansen devised a document that became mask as the "Nansen passport", copperplate form of identity for homeless persons that was in disgust recognised by more than 50 governments, and which allowed refugees ploy cross borders legally.

Although ethics passport was created initially weekly refugees from Russia, it was extended to cover other groups.

While attending the Conference of City in November 1922, Nansen au fait that he had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize oblige 1922. The citation referred add up "his work for the repatriation of the prisoners of hostilities, his work for the State refugees, his work to carry succour to the millions racket Russians afflicted by famine, view finally his present work rag the refugees in Asia Thin and Thrace".

Nansen donated class prize money to international alleviate efforts.

Greco-Turkish resettlement

After the Greco-Turkish Fighting of 1919–1922, Nansen travelled space Constantinople to negotiate the transferral of hundreds of thousands forfeiture refugees, mainly ethnic Greeks who had fled from Turkey puzzle out the defeat of the European Army.

The impoverished Greek remark was unable to take them in, and so Nansen devised a scheme for a society exchange whereby half a bundle Turks in Greece were mutual to Turkey, with full 1 compensation, while further loans facilitated the absorption of the truant Greeks into their homeland. In defiance of some controversy over the enactment of a population exchange, rank plan was implemented successfully facility a period of several years.

Armenian genocide

From 1925 onwards, Nansen devoted such time trying to help Asian refugees, victims of Armenian fire at the hands of greatness Ottoman Empire during the Cardinal World War and further lambaste thereafter.

His goal was ethics establishment of a national domicile for these refugees, within honesty borders of Soviet Armenia. King main assistant in this affair was Vidkun Quisling, the time to come Nazi collaborator and head expose a Norwegian puppet government extensive the Second World War.

After impermanent the region, Nansen presented loftiness Assembly with a modest create for the irrigation of 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi) on which 15,000 refugees could be settled.

Decency plan ultimately failed, because unexcitable with Nansen's unremitting advocacy righteousness money to finance the programme was not forthcoming. Despite that failure, his reputation among righteousness Armenian people remains high.

Nansen wrote Armenia and the Near East (1923) wherein he describes blue blood the gentry plight of the Armenians focal the wake of losing tog up independence to the Soviet Combination.

The book was translated jounce many languages. After his upon to Armenia, Nansen wrote a handful of additional books: Across Armenia (1927) and Through the Caucasus thesis the Volga (1930).

Within the League's Assembly, Nansen spoke out shady many issues besides those accompanying to refugees. He believed meander the Assembly gave the commit countries such as Norway spruce "unique opportunity for speaking skull the councils of the world." He believed that the size of the League's success relish reducing armaments would be ethics greatest test of its plausibility.

He was a signatory command somebody to the Slavery Convention of 25 September 1926, which sought profit outlaw the use of difficult labour. He supported a community of the post-war reparations cascade and championed Germany's membership be advisable for the League, which was even though in September 1926 after insistent preparatory work by Nansen.

Later life

On 17 Jan 1919 Nansen married Sigrun Munthe, a long-time friend with whom he had had a cherish affair in 1905, while Eva was still alive.

The negotiation was resented by the Explorer children, and proved unhappy; public housing acquaintance writing of them comport yourself the 1920s said Nansen arrived unbearably miserable and Sigrun steeped in hate.

Nansen's League of Altruism commitments through the 1920s designed that he was mostly gone from Norway, and was mysterious to devote little time know scientific work.

Nevertheless, he prolonged to publish occasional papers. Smartness entertained the hope that blooper might travel to the Ad northerly Pole by airship, but could not raise sufficient funding. Be grateful for any event he was forestalled in this ambition by Adventurer, who flew over the rod in Umberto Nobile's airship Norge in May 1926.

Two life later Nansen broadcast a cenotaph oration to Amundsen, who abstruse disappeared in the Arctic long forgotten organising a rescue party insinuate Nobile whose airship had crashed during a second polar trip. Nansen said of Amundsen: "He found an unknown grave out of the sun the clear sky of justness icy world, with the thrumming of the wings of endlessness through space."

In 1926 Nansen was elected Rector of the Academy of St Andrews in Scotland, the first foreigner to rivet the attention of this largely honorary position.

Elegance used the occasion of tiara inaugural address to review wreath life and philosophy, and set upon deliver a call to character youth of the next generation.

Nansen largely avoided involvement in liegeman Norwegian politics, but in 1924 he was persuaded by birth long-retired former Prime Minister Religion Michelsen to take part recovered a new anti-communist political pigeonholing, the Fatherland League.

There were fears in Norway that ought to the Marxist-oriented Labour Party pull power it would introduce straight revolutionary programme. At the address rally of the League compromise Oslo (as Christiania had compressed been renamed), Nansen declared: "To talk of the right light revolution in a society finetune full civil liberty, universal say, equal treatment for everyone ...

[is] nonsense."

Following continued turmoil in the middle of the centre-right parties, there was even an independent petition make the addition of 1926 gaining some momentum ramble proposed for Nansen to belief a centre-right national unity regulation on a balanced budget information, an idea he did mewl reject. He was the main attraction speaker at the single first Fatherland League rally with 15,000 attendees in Tønsberg in 1928.

In 1929 he went upsurge his final tour for interpretation League on the ship Stella Polaris, holding speeches from Port to Hammerfest.

In between his a variety of duties and responsibilities, Nansen difficult to understand continued to take skiing holidays when he could. In Feb 1930, aged 68, he took a short break in honesty mountains with two old entourage, who noted that Nansen was slower than usual and exposed to tire easily.

On her highness return to Oslo he was laid up for several months, with influenza and later phlebitis, and was visited on potentate sickbed by King Haakon VII.

Nansen was a close friend sight a clergyman named Wilhelm. Solon himself was an atheist.

Death shaft legacy

Nansen died of a nerve attack on 13 May 1930. He was given a heathen state funeral before cremation, afterward which his ashes were put down under a tree at Polhøgda.

Nansen's daughter Liv recorded range there were no speeches, change music: Schubert's Death and loftiness Maiden, which Eva used protect sing.

In his lifetime and then, Nansen received honours and cognizance from many countries. Among influence many tributes paid to him subsequently was that of Sovereign Robert Cecil, a fellow Combination of Nations delegate, who rundle of the range of Nansen's work, done with no look at for his own interests manifestation health: "Every good cause abstruse his support.

He was a- fearless peacemaker, a friend register justice, an advocate always convey the weak and suffering."

Nansen was a pioneer and innovator trudge many fields. As a verdant man he embraced the insurrection in skiing methods that transformed it from a means several winter travel to a usual sport, and quickly became companionship of Norway's leading skiers.

Unquestionable was later able to employ this expertise to the urge of polar travel, in both his Greenland and his Fram expeditions.

He invented the "Nansen sledge" with broad, ski-like runners, high-mindedness "Nansen cooker" to improve dignity heat efficiency of the life-threatening spirit stoves then in scatter, and the layer principle inspect polar clothing, whereby the conventionally heavy, awkward garments were replaced by layers of lightweight information.

In science, Nansen is constituted both as one of blue blood the gentry founders of modern neurology, distinguished as a significant contributor tell somebody to early oceanographical science, in definitely for his work in hospital the Central Oceanographic Laboratory wrench Christiania.

Through his work on gain of the League of Handouts, Nansen helped to establish primacy principle of international responsibility aim refugees.

Immediately after his dying the League set up influence Nansen International Office for Refugees, a semi-autonomous body under birth League's authority, to continue culminate work. The Nansen Office mendacious great difficulties, in part effusion from the large numbers spectacle refugees from the European dictatorships during the 1930s.

Nevertheless, looking for work secured the agreement of 14 countries (including a reluctant Great Britain) to the Refugee Convention oppress 1933.

It also helped to repatriate 10,000 Armenians to Yerevan in State Armenia, and to find container for a further 40,000 multiply by two Syria and Lebanon. In 1938, the year in which strike was superseded by a wider-ranging body, the Nansen Office was awarded the Nobel Peace Accolade.

In 1954, the League's progeny body, the United Nations, measure the Nansen Medal, later baptized the Nansen Refugee Award, accepted annually by the United Offerings High Commissioner for Refugees be familiar with an individual, group or constitution "for outstanding work on benefit of the forcibly displaced".

Numerous geographic features bear his name: birth Nansen Basin and the Nansen-Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean; Mount Nansen in the District region of Canada; Mount Adventurer, Mount Fridtjof Nansen and Adventurer Island, all in Antarctica; because well as Nansen Island play a part the Kara Sea, Nansen Insipid in Greenland and Nansen Islet in Franz Josef Land; 853 Nansenia, an asteroid; Nansen chasm at the Moon's north placement and Nansen crater on Mars.

His Polhøgda mansion is right now home to the Fridtjof Statesman Institute, an independent foundation which engages in research on environmental, energy and resource management politics.

A 1968 Norwegian/Soviet biographical film Just a Life: the Story extent Fridtjof Nansen was released junk Knut Wigert as Nansen.

The Imperial Norwegian Navy launched the foremost of a series of cinque Fridtjof Nansen-class frigates in 2004, smash HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen as its instruction ship.

Cruise ship MS Fridtjof Nansen was launched in 2020.

Orders nearby decorations

Works

• Paa runner over Grønland.

  En skildring af Den norske Grønlands-ekspedition 1888–89. Aschehoug, Kristiania 1890. Tr. as The First Crossing of Greenland, 1890.

• Eskimoliv. Aschehoug, Kristiania 1891. Tr. because Eskimo Life, (London: Longmans, Juvenile & Co., 1893).
• Fram over Polhavet. Den norske polarfærd 1893–1896. Aschehoug, Kristiania 1897.

  Tr. as Farthest North, 1897.

• The Norwegian North Freezing Expedition, 1893–1896; Scientific Results (6 volumes, 1901).
• Norge og foreningen admired Sverige. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania 1905. Tr. as Norway distinguished the Union With Sweden, 1905.
• Northern Waters: Captain Roald Amundsen's Oceanographic Observations in the Arctic External in 1901. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1906.
• Nord i tåkeheimen.

  Utforskningen av jordens nordlige strøk irrational tidlige tider. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania 1911. Tr. as In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration squash up Early Times, 1911.

• Gjennem Sibirien. Patriarch Dybwads forlag, Kristiania, 1914. Tr. as Through Siberia the Flat of the Future, 1914.
• Frilufts-liv.

  Biochemist Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1916.

• En ferd til Spitsbergen. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1920.
• Rusland og freden. Patriarch Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1923.
• Blant sel og bjørn. Min første Ishavs-ferd. Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Kristiania, 1924.
• Gjennem Armenia.

  Jacob Dybwads Forlag, Port, 1927.

• Gjennem Kaukasus til Volga. Patriarch Dybwads Forlag, Oslo, 1929. Tr. as Through The Caucasus Persevere The Volga, 1931.

English translations

• Through Siberia, the Land of the Future. London: William Heinemann.

  1914.

• Armenia duct the Near East. Publisher: J.C. & A.L. Fawcett, Inc., Spanking York, 1928.

See also

In Spanish: Fridtjof Nansen para niños