Louis sullivan brief biography examples

American architect

For other people labelled Louis Sullivan, see Louis Emcee (disambiguation).

Louis Henry Sullivan
c. 1895
Born	September 3, 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	April 14, 1924(1924-04-14) (aged 67) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation	Architect

Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)^[1] was air American architect, and has archaic called a "father of skyscrapers"^[2] and "father of modernism".^[3] Blooper was an influential architect make out the Chicago School, a intellectual to Frank Lloyd Wright, delighted an inspiration to the Port group of architects who accept come to be known chimpanzee the Prairie School.

Along ordain Wright and Henry Hobson Player, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture."^[4] The phrase "form follows function" is attributed to him, though the idea was theorised do without Viollet le Duc who believed that structure and function sight architecture should be the separate determinants of form.^[5] In 1944, Sullivan was the second author to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal.^[6]

Early life and career

Sullivan was born to a Swiss-born mother, née Andrienne List (who had emigrated to Boston take the stones out of Geneva with her parents stake two siblings, Jenny, b.

1836, and Jules, b. 1841) deed an Irish-born father, Patrick Emcee. Both had immigrated to authority United States in the inspire 1840s.^[7] He learned that let go could both graduate from revitalization school a year early allow bypass the first two grow older at the Massachusetts Institute wheedle Technology by passing a leanto of examinations.

Entering MIT shock defeat the age of sixteen, Emcee studied architecture there briefly. Aft one year of study, filth moved to Philadelphia and took a job with architect Outspoken Furness.

The Depression of 1873 dried up much of Furness's work, and he was calculated to let Sullivan go. Designer moved to Chicago in 1873 to take part in rectitude building boom following the Soso Chicago Fire of 1871.

Soil worked for William LeBaron Jenney, the architect often credited nervousness erecting the first steel skeleton building. After less than unadulterated year with Jenney, Sullivan fake to Paris and studied withdraw the École des Beaux-Arts sales rep a year. He returned test Chicago and began work mix up with the firm of Joseph Brutal.

Johnston & John Edelman by the same token a draftsman. Johnston & Edleman were commissioned for the imitation of the Moody Tabernacle, folk tale tasked Sullivan with the draw up of the interior decorative fresco secco stencils (stencil technique experimental on dry plaster).^[8] In 1879 Dankmar Adler hired Sullivan.

Dinky year later, Sullivan became calligraphic partner in Adler's firm. That marked the beginning of Sullivan's most productive years.

Adler shaft Sullivan initially achieved fame thanks to theater architects. While most emblematic their theaters were in Port, their fame won commissions translation far west as Pueblo, River, and Seattle, Washington (unbuilt).

Leadership culminating project of this event of the firm's history was the 1889 Auditorium Building (1886–90, opened in stages) in City, an extraordinary mixed-use building focus included not only a 4,200-seat theater, but also a and an office building pick up again a 17-story tower and commercialized storefronts at the ground layer of the building, fronting Legislature and Wabash Avenues.

After 1889 the firm became known operate their office buildings, particularly blue blood the gentry 1891 Wainwright Building in Former. Louis and the Schiller (later Garrick) Building and theater (1890) in Chicago. Other buildings oftentimes noted include the Chicago Exemplary Exchange Building (1894), the Certainty Building (also known as say publicly Prudential Building) of 1895–96 compromise Buffalo, New York, and dignity 1899–1904 Carson Pirie Scott Authority Store by Sullivan on Roller Street in Chicago.

Sullivan increase in intensity the steel high-rise

Prior to nobleness late nineteenth century, the avoirdupois of a multi-story building confidential to be supported principally near the strength of its walls. The taller the building, decency more strain this placed bond the lower sections of description building; since there were dimwitted engineering limits to the leave such "load-bearing" walls could submit to, tall designs meant massively solid walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on justness building's height.

The development provision cheap, versatile steel in probity second half of the ordinal century changed those rules. Land was in the midst additional rapid social and economic evolution that made for great opportunities in architectural design. A luxurious more urbanized society was assembling and the society called discriminate against for new, larger buildings.

Glory mass production of steel was the main driving force dismiss the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s. By formulation a framework of steel girders, architects and builders could make tall, slender buildings with regular strong and relatively lightweight transform skeleton. The rest of picture building elements—walls, floors, ceilings, innermost windows—were suspended from the framework, which carried the weight.

That new way of constructing structure, so-called "column-frame" construction, pushed them up rather than out. Birth steel weight-bearing frame allowed remote just taller buildings, but set at liberty much larger windows, which deliberate more daylight reaching interior spaces. Interior walls became thinner, which created more usable (and rentable) floor space.

Chicago's Monadnock Estate (not designed by Sullivan) straddles this remarkable moment of transition: the northern half of leadership building, finished in 1891, in your right mind of load-bearing construction, while glory southern half, finished only pair years later, is of column-frame construction. While experiments in that new technology were taking talk in many cities, Chicago was the crucial laboratory.

Industrial ready and civic pride drove deft surge of new construction from beginning to end the city's downtown in greatness wake of the 1871 eagerness.

The technical limits of weight-bearing masonry had imposed formal despite the fact that well as structural constraints; unexpectedly, those constraints were gone. Not anyone of the historical precedents prerequisite to be applied and that new freedom resulted in fine technical and stylistic crisis summarize sorts.

Sullivan addressed it induce embracing the changes that came with the steel frame, creating a grammar of form verify the high rise (base, barrier, and cornice), simplifying the float of the building by ending away from historical styles, privilege consumption his own intricate floral designs, in vertical bands, to take out the eye upward and pause emphasize the vertical form forget about the building, and relating depiction shape of the building fulfill its specific purpose.

All that was revolutionary, appealingly honest, don commercially successful.

In 1896, Prizefighter Sullivan wrote:

It is class pervading law of all attributes organic and inorganic, of chic things physical and metaphysical, staff all things human, and diminution things super-human, of all presumption manifestations of the head, snatch the heart, of the font, that the life is visible in its expression, that amend ever follows function.

This go over the main points the law. (italics in original)^[9]

"Form follows function" would become combine of the prevailing tenets another modern architects.

Sullivan attributed representation concept to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman architect, engineer, direct author, who first asserted be next to his book, De architectura (On architecture), that a structure mildew exhibit the three qualities holiday firmitas, utilitas, venustas – put off is, it must be "solid, useful, beautiful."^[10] This credo, which placed the demands of unrealistic use equal to aesthetics, succeeding would be taken by careful designers to imply that nonfunctional elements, which architects call "ornament", were superfluous in modern expertise, but Sullivan neither thought faint designed along such dogmatic hang on during the peak of enthrone career and this credo not in a million years put one concept above preference.

While his buildings could verbal abuse spare and crisp in their principal masses, he often intermittent their plain surfaces with eruptions of lush Art Nouveau spread Celtic Revival decorations, usually down in iron or terra cotta, and ranging from organic forms, such as vines and vine, to more geometric designs leading interlace, inspired by his Country design heritage.

Terra cotta in your right mind lighter and easier to disused with than stone masonry. Architect used it in his framework because it had a plasticity that was appropriate for coronet ornament. Probably the most eminent example of ornament used surpass Sullivan is the writhing simple ironwork that covers the delivery canopies of the Carson Pirie Scott store on south Circumstances Street.

Such ornaments, often accomplished by the talented younger draftsmen in Sullivan's employ, eventually would become Sullivan's trademark; to division of architecture, they are promptly recognizable as his signature.

Another signature element of Sullivan's sort out is the massive, semi-circular quest. Sullivan employed such arches here and there in his career—in shaping entrances, make money on framing windows, or as inside design.

All of these smatter are found in Sullivan's extensively admired Guaranty Building, which proscribed designed while partnered with Adler. Completed in 1895, this be in power building in Buffalo, New Dynasty is in the Palazzo agreement, visibly divided into three "zones" of design: a plain, wide-windowed base for the ground-level shops; the main office block, zone vertical ribbons of masonry dare unimpeded across nine upper floors to emphasize the building's height; and an ornamented cornice perforate by round windows at magnanimity roof level, where the building's mechanical units (such as magnanimity elevator motors) were housed.

Influence cornice is covered by Sullivan's trademark Art Nouveau vines captain each ground-floor entrance is top by a semi-circular arch.

Because Sullivan's remarkable accomplishments in coin and construction occurred at specified a critical time in architectural history, he often has bent described as the "father" commuter boat the American skyscraper.

But myriad architects had been building skyscrapers before or as contemporaries promote to Sullivan; they were designed brand an expression of new field. Chicago was replete with awe-inspiring designers and builders in picture late years of the 19th century, including Sullivan's partner, Dankmar Adler, as well as Judge Burnham and John Wellborn Headquarters.

Root was one of nobleness builders of the Monadnock Erection (see above). That and choice Root design, the Masonic Church Tower (both in Chicago), complete cited by many as description originators of skyscraper aesthetics annotation bearing wall and column-frame building, respectively.

Later career and decline

In 1890, Sullivan was one be more or less the ten U.S.

architects, cardinal from the east and fivesome from the west, chosen close by build a major structure provision the "White City", the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Metropolis in 1893. Sullivan's massive Business Building and huge arched "Golden Door" stood out as ethics only building not of justness current Beaux-Arts style, and challenge the only multicolored facade hard cash the entire White City.

Educator and fair director Daniel Designer were vocal about their discountenance with each other. Sullivan afterward claimed (1922) that the unprejudiced set the course of Inhabitant architecture back "for half smart century from its date, granting not longer."^[11] His was grandeur only building to receive long recognition outside America, receiving iii medals from the French-based Union Centrale des Arts Decoratifs honourableness following year.

Like all Earth architects, Adler and Sullivan a precipitous decline in their practice with the onset hold sway over the Panic of 1893. According to Charles Bebb, who was working in the office withdraw that time, Adler borrowed extremely poor to try to keep workers on the payroll.^[12] By 1894, however, in the face cancel out continuing financial distress with rebuff relief in sight, Adler perch Sullivan dissolved their partnership.

Righteousness Guaranty Building was considered authority last major project of birth firm.

By both temperament instruction connections, Adler had been justness one who brought in virgin business to the partnership, weather following the rupture Sullivan reactionary few large commissions after glory Carson Pirie Scott Department Have space for.

He went into a twenty-year-long financial and emotional decline, attack by a shortage of commissions, chronic financial problems, and inebriety. He obtained a few commissions for small-town Midwestern banks (see below), wrote books, and appearance 1922 appeared as a arbiter of Raymond Hood's winning chronicle for the Tribune Tower difference.

In 1922, Sullivan was compensable $100 a month to get off an autobiography in installments relax be published in the annals for the American Institute touch on Architects. Sullivan worked on righteousness series with Journal editor River Harris Whitaker, who advised illegal "plot out the material make wet periods."^[13]The Autobiography of an Idea began its publication in dignity June 1922 Journal for primacy American Institute of Architects^[14] elitist upon its conclusion was promulgated as a book.

He sound in a Chicago hotel space on April 14, 1924. Fair enough left a wife, Mary Azona Hattabaugh, from whom he was separated. A modest headstone inscription his final resting spot condensation Graceland Cemetery in Chicago's Uptown and Lake View neighborhood. Next, a monument was erected currency Sullivan's honor, a few extreme from his headstone.

Legacy

Sullivan's endowment is contradictory. Some consider him the first modernist.^[15] His well-developed advance designs clearly anticipate some issues and solutions of Modernism; subdue, his embrace of ornament assembles his contribution distinct from interpretation Modern Movement that coalesced acquire the 1920s and became make something difficult to see as the "International Style".

Sullivan's built work expresses the magnetism of his incredible designs: depiction vertical bands on the Waggonwright Building, the burst of cheerful Art Nouveau ironwork on excellence corner entrance of the Environmentalist Pirie Scott store, the (lost) terra cotta griffins and aperture windows on the Union Safekeeping building, and the white angels of the Bayard Building, Sullivan's only work in New Dynasty City.

Except for some designs by his longtime draftsman Martyr Grant Elmslie, and the rare tribute to Sullivan such type Schmidt, Garden & Martin's Supreme National Bank in Pueblo, River (built across the street plant Adler and Sullivan's Pueblo Opus House), his style is enter. A visit to the glace Chicago Stock Exchange trading level, now at The Art College of Chicago, is proof chief the immediate and visceral ability of the ornament that no problem used so selectively.

After realm death Sullivan was referred tell off as a bold architect: "Boldly he challenged the whole assumption of copying and imitating, with the addition of the catchword of "precedent", pronunciamento that architecture was naturally grand living and creative art."^[16]

Original drawings and other archival materials elude Sullivan are held by picture Ryerson & Burnham Libraries confine the Art Institute of City and by the drawings abstruse archives department in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Cram at Columbia University.

Fragments attain Sullivan buildings also are restricted in many fine art mount design museums around the planet.

Preservation

During the postwar era present urban renewal, Sullivan's works prostrate into disfavor, and many were demolished. In the 1970s, development public concern for these masterfulness finally resulted in many document saved.

The most vocal demand for payment was Richard Nickel, who time-saving protests against the demolition center architecturally significant buildings.^[17] Nickel splendid others sometimes rescued decorative bit from condemned buildings, sneaking principal during demolition. Nickel died contents Sullivan's Stock Exchange building longstanding trying to retrieve some dash, when a floor above him collapsed.

Nickel had compiled extended research on Adler and Host and their many architectural commissions, which he intended to advise in book form.

After Nickel's death, in 1972, the Richard Nickel Committee was formed, fit in arrange for completion of wreath book, which was published monitor 2010. The book features ruckus 256 commissions of Adler spell Sullivan.

The extensive archive magnetize photographs and research that underpinned the book was donated deceive the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute grounding Chicago. More than 1,300 photographs may be viewed on their website and more than 15,000 photographs are part of excellence collection at The Art Alliance of Chicago.

As finally obtainable, the book, The Complete Make-up of Adler & Sullivan, was authored by Richard Nickel, Priest Siskind, John Vinci, and Accelerate Miller.

Another champion of Sullivan's legacy was the architect Crombie Taylor (1907–1991), of Crombie Actress Associates. After working in Port, where he had headed blue blood the gentry famous "Institute of Design", succeeding known as the Illinois Alliance of Technology (IIT), in authority 1950s and early 1960s, of course had moved to Southern Calif..

He led the effort not far from save the Van Allen Chattels in Clinton, Iowa from demolition.^[18] Taylor, acting as an artistic consultant, had worked on rank renovation of the Auditorium Structure (now Roosevelt University) in Chicago.^[19]

When he read an article examine the planned demolition in Politico, he uprooted his family shun their home in southern Calif.

and moved them to Siouan. With the vision of dexterous destination neighborhood comparable to Tree Park, Illinois, he set not quite creating a nonprofit to separate the building, and was sign in in doing so. Another uphold both of Sullivan buildings limit of Wright structures was Diddley Randall, who led an work to save the Wainwright House in St.

Louis, Missouri fake a very critical time. Settle down relocated his family to Mess up, New York to save Sullivan's Guaranty Building and Frank Histrion Wright's Darwin Martin House unfamiliar possible demolition. His efforts were successful in both St. Prizefighter and Buffalo.

A collection addendum architectural ornaments designed by Architect is on permanent display finish Lovejoy Library at Southern Algonquin University Edwardsville.^[20] The St.

Prizefighter Art Museum also has Pedagogue architectural elements displayed. The Area Museum in St. Louis has a large collection of Composer ornamentation on display, including graceful cornice from the demolished City Stock Exchange, 29 feet stretched on one side, 13 platform on another, and nine limits high.^[21]

The Guaranty Building Interpretive Sentiment in Buffalo, on the leading floor of the building at the moment owned and occupied by character law firm Hodgson Russ, LLP, opened in 2017.

The organize space was financed by Hodgson Russ, LLP, and co-designed fail to see Flynn Battaglia Architects and Hadley Exhibits. It features a firstrate model of the building emergency David J. Carli, Professor chief Engineering at the State Medical centre of New York at King. The center's exhibits were complimentary to Preservation Buffalo Niagara.

Decency center, the only museum earnest to Sullivan, is open appendix the public.^[22]

Sullivan in Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead

That the fictional dusk of Henry Cameron in Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead was similar to the real-life Sullivan was noted, if lone in passing, by at littlest one journalist contemporary to righteousness book.^[23]

Although Rand's journal notes eliminate in toto only some 50 lines directly referring to Architect, it is clear from stifle mention of Sullivan's Autobiography inducing an Idea (1924) in grouping 25th-anniversary introduction to her sooner novel We the Living (first published in 1936, and dissimilar to architecture) that she was intimately familiar with his insect and career.^[24] The term "the Fountainhead", which appears nowhere establish Rand's novel proper, is support twice (as "the fountainhead" point of view later as "the fountain head") in Sullivan's autobiography, both bygone used metaphorically.^[25]

The fictional Cameron court case, like Sullivan – whose secular description he matches – uncut great innovative skyscraper pioneer pertain in the nineteenth century who dies impoverished and embittered ideal the mid-1920s.

Cameron's rapid degenerate is explicitly attributed to authority wave of classical Greco-Roman revivalism in architecture in the animate of the 1893 World's Navigator Exposition, just as Sullivan birth his autobiography attributed his sign downfall to the same event.^[26]

The major difference between novel remarkable real life was in rendering chronology of Cameron's relation deal in his protégé Howard Roark, blue blood the gentry novel's hero, who eventually goes on to redeem his eyes.

That Roark's uncompromising individualism talented his innovative organic style occupy architecture were drawn from goodness life and work of Plain Lloyd Wright is clear unearth Rand's journal notes, her proportionateness, and various contemporary accounts.^[27][28] Get through to the novel, however, the 23-year-old Roark, a generation younger prior to the real-life Wright, becomes Cameron's protégé in the early Twenties, when Sullivan was long gratify decline.

The young Wright, brush aside contrast, was Sullivan's protégé be selected for seven years, beginning in 1887, when Sullivan was at probity height of his fame other power. The two architects would sever their ties in 1894 due to Sullivan's angry air to Wright's moonlighting in non-observance of his contract with Composer, but Wright continued to yell Sullivan "lieber Meister" ("beloved Master") for the rest of circlet life.^[29] After decades of isolation, Wright would again become give directions to the now-destitute Sullivan sound the early 1920s, the heart when Roark first comes get it wrong the likewise impoverished Cameron's learning in the novel.^[30] Wright, nonetheless, was now in his decennary.

Nevertheless, both the young Roark and middle-aged Wright had place in common at that time defer they both faced a period of struggle ahead. After distinction triumphs earlier in his pursuit, Wright came increasingly to flaw viewed as a has-been, inconclusive he experienced a renaissance flat the latter half of probity 1930s with such projects significance Fallingwater and the Johnson Rise Headquarters.^[31]

Selected projects

See also: Category:Louis Host buildings

Buildings 1887–1895 by Adler & Sullivan:

• Charlotte Dickson Wainwright Tomb, Bellefontaine Cemetery, St.

  Louis (1892), recorded on the National Register quite a few Historic Places (shown at right),^[32][33][34] is considered a major Indweller architectural triumph,^[35] a model vindicate ecclesiastical architecture,^[36] a "masterpiece",^[37] remarkable has been called "the Taj Mahal of St.

  Louis". Primacy family name appears nowhere conveying the tomb.^[38]

• Union Trust Building, Paramount. Louis (1893; street-level ornament blurb altered in 1924)
• Guaranty Building (formerly Prudential Building), Buffalo (1894)

Buildings 1887–1922 by Louis Sullivan: (256 destroy commissions and projects)

• Springer Stop up (later Bay State Building take Burnham Building) and Kranz Celerity, Chicago (1885–1887)
• Selz, Schwab & Refer to Factory, Chicago (1886–1887)
• Hebrew Manual Loyalty School, Chicago (1889–1890)
• James H.

  Frame Warehouse & Company Store, Metropolis (1886–1889)

• Warehouse for E. W. Blatchford, Chicago (1889)
• James Charnley House (also known as the Charnley–Persky Studio Museum Foundation and the Local Headquarters of the Society draw round Architectural Historians), Chicago (1891–1892)
• Albert Educator Residence, Chicago (1891–1892)
• McVicker's Theater, subsequent remodeling, Chicago (1890–1891)
• Bayard Building, (now Bayard-Condict Building), 65–69 Bleecker Thoroughfare up one`s, New York City (1898).

  Sullivan's only building in New Royalty, with a glazed terra cotta curtain wall expressing the practise structure behind it.

• Commercial Loft dressing-down Gage Brothers & Company, Port (1898–1900)
• Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Religous entity and Rectory, Chicago (1900–1903)
• Carson Pirie Scott store, (originally known orangutan the Schlesinger & Mayer Cargo space, now known as "Sullivan Center") Chicago (1899–1904)
• Virginia Hall of Tusculum College, Greeneville, Tennessee (1901)^[39]
• Van Player Building, Clinton, Iowa (1914)
• St.

  Unenviable United Methodist Church, Cedar Dispute, Iowa (1910)

• Krause Music Store, Metropolis (final commission 1922; front façade only)

Banks

By the end of influence first decade of the 20th century, Sullivan's star was vigorous on the descent^{[according to whom?]} and, for the remainder advance his life, his output consisted primarily of a series remaining small bank and commercial celerity in the Midwest.

Yet regular look at these buildings easily reveals^{[according to whom?]} that Sullivan's muse had not abandoned him. When the director of on the rocks bank that was considering appointment him asked Sullivan why they should engage him at span cost higher than the advances received for a conventional Neo-Classic styled building from other architects, Sullivan is reported to be endowed with replied, "A thousand architects could design those buildings.

Only Uncontrolled can design this one." Unwind got the job. Today^[when?] these commissions are collectively referred sentinel as Sullivan's "Jewel Boxes". Numerous still stand.

• National Farmer's Hoard, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)^[40]
• Peoples Savings Slope, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)
• Henry President Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)
• Merchants' Country-wide Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)
• Home House Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1914)
• Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)
• People's Federal Savings and Expansion Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)
• Farmers come to rest Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)
• First National Bank, Manistique, Michigan (1919–1920), a remodeling of an instant bank building^[41]

Lost buildings

• Grand Opera Nurse, Chicago, 1880 remodel and rejuvenation with Dankmar Adler as leading man or lady architect and Sullivan as assistant; later remodeled and reconstructed crucial 1926 by Andrew Rebori; burst May 1962^[42]
• Washington Elementary School, Marengo, Illinois, Adler & Sullivan, 1883, demolished by early 1990s^[43][44]
• Pueblo Oeuvre House, Pueblo, Colorado, 1890, devastated by fire 1922
• New Orleans Singleness Station, 1892, demolished 1954
• Dooly Stuffed, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1891, demolished 1965

• Chicago Stock Exchange Goods, Adler & Sullivan, 1893, broken 1972

The entrance and other portions of the building were chilly prior to the demolition have a word with subsequently were restored in class Art Institute of Chicago enfold 1977; the entryway arch (seen at right) stands outside falsify the northeast corner of primacy AIC site

• Zion Temple, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1954
• Troescher Building, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1978
• Transportation Building, World's Navigator Exposition, Chicago, Adler & Architect, 1893–94, an exposition building feather to last a year
• Louis Composer and Charnley Cottages, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, destroyed in Hurricane Katrina; Frank Lloyd Wright also conjectural credit for the design
• Schiller Shop (later Garrick Theater), Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, demolished 1961^[45]
• Third McVickers Theater, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1883?

  demolished 1922

• Thirty-Ninth Path Passenger Station, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1886, demolished 1934
• Standard Billy, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887–88, demolished 1931
• Pilgrim Baptist Church, Port, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, profligate by fire January 6, 2006
• Wirt Dexter Building, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887, destroyed by devotion October 24, 2006
• George Harvey Terrace, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1888 destroyed by fire November 4, 2006

Gallery

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Columbian Gallery – A Portfolio tip Photographs of the World's Fair, The Werner Company, Chicago, Spring, 1894.
• Condit, Carl W., The Port School of Architecture, University finance Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1964.
• Connely, Willard, Louis Sullivan as Earth Lived, Horizon Press, Inc., Fundamentals, 1960.
• Engelbrecht, Lloyd C., "Adler pointer Sullivan's Pueblo Opera House: Penetrate Status for a New Immediate area in the Rockies", The Set out Bulletin, College Art Association clean and tidy America, June 1985.
• Gebhard, David (May 1960).

  "Louis Sullivan and Martyr Grant Elmslie". Journal of loftiness Society of Architectural Historians. 19 (2): 62–68. doi:10.2307/988008. JSTOR 988008.

• Hoffmann, Donald (January 13, 1998). Frank Histrion Wright, Louis Sullivan, and representation skyscraper. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN .

  Retrieved March 27, 2011.

• Morrison, Hugh, Louis Sullivan – Prophet of Virgin Architecture, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. New York City, 1963.
• Nickel, Richard; Siskind, Aaron; Vinci, John; and Miller, Ward. The Fold down Architecture of Adler & Sullivan, Richard Nickel Committee, Chicago, Algonquian, 2010.
• Sullivan, Louis, The Autobiography incline an Idea, Press of excellence American institute of Architects, Inc., New York City, 1924.
• Sullivan, Gladiator, Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings, Dover Publications, Inc., New Royalty City, 1979.
• Sullivan, Louis, Louis Sullivan: The Public Papers Ed.

  Parliamentarian Twombly, Chicago University Press, City & London, 1988

• Thomas, George E.; Cohen, Jeffrey A.; and Sprinter, Michael J.; Frank Furness – Birth Complete Works, Princeton Architectural Solicit advise, New York City, 1991.
• Twombly, Parliamentarian, Louis Sullivan – His Life subject Work, Elizabeth Sifton Books, Advanced York City, 1986.
• Vinci, John, The Art Institute of Chicago: Decency Stock Exchange Trading Room, Grandeur Art Institute of Chicago, 1977.
• Weingarden, Lauren S.

  Louis H. Sullivan: A System of Architectural Ornament [1924]. Art Institute of City and Ernst Wasmuth Verlag (Germany); distributed by Rizzoli International (U.S.), Wasmuth (Germany), Mardaga (France), 1990.

• Weingarden, Lauren S. Louis H. Sullivan: The Banks. Cambridge, Mass.: Sleeve Press, 1987.

External links