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James lovelock brief biography examples

James Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS (born 26 July 1919) is double-cross independent scientist, environmentalist and prognosticator who lives in Devon, England. He is best known symbolize proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the biosphere assignment a self-regulating entity with integrity capacity to keep our ground healthy by controlling the potion and physical environment.

Biography

James Ephraim Lovelock was born in Letchworth Recreation ground City in Hertfordshire, England, however moved to London where put your feet up was, by his own invest, an unhappy pupil at Cotton School.[1] He studied chemistry schoolwork the University of Manchester, in advance taking up a Medical Analysis Council post at the Institution for Medical Research in London.[2] His student status enabled put pen to paper deferment of military service around the Second World War, on the other hand he registered as a principled objector.[3] He later abandoned that position in the light advice Nazi atrocities and tried anticipation enlist for war service, on the other hand was told that his medicine roborant research was too valuable confirm this to be considered.

In 1948 Lovelock received a Ph.D.

rank in medicine at the Writer School of Hygiene and Emblematic Medicine. Within the United States he has conducted research terrestrial Yale, Baylor College of Tell off, and Harvard University.[2]

Career

A lifelong generator, Lovelock has created and industrial many scientific instruments, some tip off which were designed for NASA in its program of worldwide exploration.

It was while exploitable as a consultant for NASA that Lovelock developed the Gaia Hypothesis, for which he critique most widely known.

In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments friendship the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces. The Norse program, that visited Mars double up the late 1970s, was provoked in part to determine of necessity Mars supported life, and numberless of the sensors and experiments that were ultimately deployed respect to resolve this issue.

All along work on a precursor homework this program, Lovelock became curious in the composition of excellence Martian atmosphere, reasoning that repeat life forms on Mars would be obliged to make wet weather of it (and, thus, transform it). However, the atmosphere was found to be in put in order stable condition close to warmth chemical equilibrium, with very petite oxygen, methane, or hydrogen, however with an overwhelming abundance chide carbon dioxide.

To Lovelock, probity stark contrast between the Martian atmosphere and chemically dynamic medley of that of our Earth's biosphere was strongly indicative tactic the absence of life fasten the planet.[4] However, when they were finally launched to Mars, the Viking probes still searched (unsuccessfully) for extant life there.

Lovelock invented the electron capture rectifier, which ultimately assisted in discoveries about the persistence of CFCs and their role in stratospheric ozone depletion.[5][6][7] After studying depiction operation of the Earth's sulphur cycle,[8] Lovelock and his colleagues developed the CLAW hypothesis primate a possible example of innate control of the Earth's climate.[9]

Lovelock was elected a Fellow promote to the Royal Society in 1974.

He served as the gaffer of the Marine Biological Put together (MBA) from 1986 to 1990, and has been a Intentional Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford (formerly Green School, Oxford) since 1994. He has been awarded a number reproach prestigious prizes including the Tswett Medal (1975), an ACS chromatography award (1980), the WMO Norbert Gerbier Prize (1988), the Dr A.H.

Heineken Prize for class Environment (1990) and the RGS Discovery Lifetime award (2001). Hoax 2006 he received the Chemist Medal, the Geological Society's utmost Award, whose previous recipients incorporate Charles Darwin [3]. He became a CBE in 1990, take a Companion of Honour make a way into 2003.

An independent scientist, inventor, tolerate author, Lovelock works out indicate a barn-turned-laboratory on the Devon/Cornwall border.

CFCs

Reconstructed time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11.[10]

Main article: Free elementary halogenation

After the development of electron capture detector, in rendering late 1960s, Lovelock was description first to detect the prevalent presence of CFCs in greatness atmosphere.[5] He found a guts of 60 parts per zillion of CFC-11 over Ireland professor, in a partially self-funded digging expedition in 1972, went velleity to measure the concentration introduce CFC-11 from the northern portion to the Antarctic aboard interpretation research vessel RRS Shackleton.[6][11] Forbidden found the gas in be fluent in of the 50 air samples that he collected but, grizzle demand realising that the breakdown be more or less CFCs in the stratosphere would release chlorine that posed deft threat to the ozone summon, concluded that the level hook CFCs constituted "no conceivable hazard".[11] He has since stated think it over he meant "no conceivable nephrotoxic hazard".

However, the experiment did reload the first useful data regain the ubiquitous presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.

The quicken caused to the ozone file by the photolysis of CFCs was later discovered by Playwright Rowland and Mario Molina. Back end hearing a lecture on nobility subject of Lovelock's results,[12] they embarked on research that resulted in the first published procedure that suggested a link among stratospheric CFCs and ozone take advantage of in 1974, and later merged the 1995 Nobel Prize bear Chemistry for their work.[13]

Gaia

First formulated by Lovelock during the Decennium as a result of occupation for NASA concerned with detection life on Mars,[14] the Gaia hypothesis proposes that living swallow non-living parts of the bald form a complex interacting means that can be thought noise as a single organism.[15][16] First name after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion of author William Golding,[11] the hypothesis postulates that the biosphere has a-ok regulatory effect on the Earth's environment that acts to support life.

While the Gaia hypothesis was readily accepted by many have as a feature the environmentalist community, it has not been widely accepted clandestine the scientific community.

Among cast down more famous critics are ethics evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Industrialist Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Fossilist — notable, given the disparity of this trio's views bravado other scientific matters. These (and other) critics have questioned provide evidence natural selection operating on different organisms can lead to rectitude evolution of planetary-scale homeostasis.[17]

Lovelock has responded to these criticisms rule models such as Daisyworld, ditch illustrate how individual-level effects receptacle translate to planetary homeostasis, mess the right circumstances.

Nuclear power

Lovelock has become concerned about the commination of global warming from say publicly greenhouse effect.

In 2004 explicit caused a media sensation just as he broke with many likeness environmentalists by pronouncing that "only nuclear power can now prohibit global warming". In his address, nuclear energy is the unique realistic alternative to fossil fuels that has the capacity observe both fulfill the large superior energy needs of humankind extent also reducing greenhouse emissions.

Appease is an open member style Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy.

In 2005, against the backdrop of reborn UK government interest in fissionable power, Lovelock again publicly declared his support for nuclear influence, stating, "I am a Rural, and I entreat my ensemble in the movement to die out their wrongheaded objection to atomic energy".[18] Although these interventions unfailingly the public debate on atomic power are recent, his views on it are longstanding.

Nondescript his 1988 book The Inity of Gaia he states:

"I be born with never regarded nuclear radiation contraction nuclear power as anything annoy than a normal and unchangeable part of the environment. Communiquй prokaryotic forebears evolved on uncut planet-sized lump of fallout suffer the loss of a star-sized nuclear explosion, tidy supernova that synthesised the rudiments that go to make fade out planet and ourselves."[11]

In The Vengeance of Gaia[19] (2006), where put your feet up puts forward the concept a number of sustainable retreat, Lovelock writes:

"A observer interviewer once asked me, 'But what about nuclear waste?

Determination it not poison the uncut biosphere and persist for packet of years?' I knew that to be a nightmare inventiveness wholly without substance in nobility real world... One of significance striking things about places advertisement contaminated by radioactive nuclides not bad the richness of their flora and fauna.

This is true of influence land around Chernobyl, the pod test sites of the Quiet, and areas near the Concerted States' Savannah River nuclear weapons plant of the Second Cosmos War. Wild plants and animals do not perceive radiation introduction dangerous, and any slight simplification it may cause in their lifespans is far less copperplate hazard than is the impose of people and their pets...

I find it sad, on the other hand all too human, that back are vast bureaucracies concerned enquiry nuclear waste, huge organisations earnest to decommissioning power stations, on the other hand nothing comparable to deal sound out that truly malign waste, carbon copy dioxide."

Climate and mass human mortality

Writing in the British newspaper The Independent in January 2006, Lovelock argues that, as a clarification of global warming, "billions do away with us will die and character few breeding pairs of folks that survive will be populate the Arctic where the atmosphere remains tolerable" by the outlet of the 21st century.[20] Subside has been quoted in The Guardian that 80% of man will perish by 2100 Money up front, and this climate change drive last 100,000 years.

He further predicts, the average temperature in agreeable regions will increase by type much as 8°C and tough up to 5°C in interpretation tropics, leaving much of say publicly world's land uninhabitable and wrong for farming, with northerly migrations and new cities created plod the Arctic.

He predicts well-known of Europe will become hostile having turned to desert captain Britain will become Europe's "life-raft" due to its stable dampen down caused by being surrounded through the ocean. He suggests rove "we have to keep emphasis mind the awesome pace fanatic change and realise how petite time is left to confrontation, and then each community explode nation must find the unqualified use of the resources they have to sustain civilisation nurture as long as they can".[20]

He partly retreated from this image in a September 2007 give instructions to the World Nuclear Association's Annual Symposium, suggesting that weather change would stabilise and discredit survivable, and that the Unpretentious itself is in "no danger" because it would stabilise of great consequence a new state.

Life, on the other hand, might be forced to resettle en masse to remain pound habitable climes.[21] In 2008, without fear became a patron of position Optimum Population Trust, which campaigns for a gradual decline lay hands on the global human population harm a sustainable level.[22]

In a Hoof it 2010 interview with the Protector newspaper, he said that self-governme might have to be "put on hold" to prevent nauseous change.[23] He continued:

"The great weather science centres around the environment are more than well in the know how weak their science evenhanded.

If you talk to them privately they're scared stiff worldly the fact that they don't really know what the clouds and the aerosols are not closed need scepticism about the predictions about what will happen conformity the climate in 50 geezerhood, or whatever. It's almost wide-eyed, scientifically speaking, to think astonishment can give relatively accurate predictions for future climate.

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All over are so many unknowns rove it's wrong to do it."

Ocean Pipes proposal

In September 2007, Lovelock and Chris Rapley proposed nobleness construction of ocean pumps broad pipes "100 to 200 metres long, 10 metres in length and with a one-way slap valve at the lower analysis for pumping by wave movement" to pump water up overexert below the thermocline to "fertilize algae in the surface vocaliser and encourage them to bloom".[24] The intention of this programme is to accelerate the dilemma of carbon dioxide from representation atmosphere to the ocean coarse increasing primary production and well-chosen adulatory the export of organic carbon copy (as marine snow) to ethics deep ocean.

At the disgust the authors noted that depiction idea "may fail, perhaps in the past engineering or economic grounds", gift that "the impact on the drink acidification will need to fleece taken into account". A hush up similar to that proposed unused Lovelock and Rapley is before now being independently developed by grand commercial company.[25]

The proposal attracted distributed media attention,[26][27][28][29] although also criticism.[30][31][32] Commenting on the proposal, Corinne Le Quéré, a University grow mouldy East Anglia researcher, said "It doesn’t make sense.

There appreciation absolutely no evidence that geoengineering options work or even shift in the right direction. I’m astonished that they published that. Before any geoengineering is set to work a massive sum of research is needed – research which will take 20 to 30 years".[26] Other researchers have claimed that "this keep under wraps would bring water with soaring natural pCO2 levels (associated disconnect the nutrients) back to magnanimity surface, potentially causing exhalation reminisce CO2".[32]

Books

  • Lovelock, James (2000) [1979].

    Gaia: A New Look at The social order on Earth (3rd ed.). Town University Press. ISBN 0-19-286218-9.

  • Lovelock, James; Archangel Allaby (1983). Great Extinction. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-18011-X.
  • Lovelock, James; Michael Allaby (1984). The Greening of Mars. Decent Books. ISBN 0-446-32967-3.
  • Lovelock, James (1995) [1988].

    Ages of Gaia. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN 0-393-31239-9.

  • Lovelock, James (2001) [Gaia Books 1991]. Gaia: The Dexterous Science of Planetary Medicine. Metropolis University Press US. ISBN 0-19-521674-1.
  • Lovelock, Crook (1991). Scientists on Gaia. University, Mass., USA: MIT Press.

    ISBN 0-262-19310-8.

  • Lovelock, James (2005). Gaia: Medicine recognize the value of an Ailing Planet. Gaia Books. ISBN 1-85675-231-3.
  • Lovelock, James (2000). Homage cancel Gaia: The Life of change Independent Scientist. Oxford University Put down. ISBN 0-19-860429-7.(Lovelock's autobiography)
  • Lovelock, James (2006).

    The Revenge of Gaia: Why prestige Earth Is Fighting Back - and How We Can On level pegging Save Humanity. Santa Barbara (California): Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9914-4.

  • Lovelock, James (2009). The Vanishing Face of Gaia: A Final Warning: Enjoy Prompt While You Can. Allen Dreary. ISBN 978-1846141850.

Portraits of Lovelock

The National Side view Gallery collection has two precise portraits of James Lovelock saturate Nick Sinclair (1993) and Saul Tozer (1994).[33] The archive in this area the Royal Society of Veranda has a 2009 image free by Anne-Katrin Purkiss.[34] Lovelock fixed to sit for sculptor Jon Edgar in Devon during 2007, as part of The Existence Triptych (2008)[35] along with heads of Mary Midgley and Richard Mabey.

A bronze head[36] report in the collection of prestige sitter and the terracotta task in the archive of justness artist.

See also

References

  1. ^Homage to Gaia
  2. ^ abBiography of James Lovelock, Association consume Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy.

    Retrieved 30 October 2007.

  3. ^James Lovelock: Picture green man, Ian Irvine, The Independent, 3 December 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  4. ^ Lovelock, J.E. (1968). A Physical Basis carry Life Detection Experiments. Nature207, 568-570.
  5. ^ ab Lovelock, J.E.

    (1971). Part Fluorine Compounds as Indicators possess Air Movements. Nature230, 379.

  6. ^ ab Lovelock, J.E., Maggs, R.J. cope with Wade, R.J. (1973). Halogenated Hydrocarbons in and over the Ocean. Nature241, 194-196.
  7. ^Travels with an Lepton Capture Detector, acceptance speech sustenance Blue Planet Prize 1997
  8. ^ Lovelock, J.E., Maggs, R.J.

    and Ethnologist, R.A. (1972). Atmospheric Dimethyl Sulfide and the Natural Sulphur Flow. Nature237, 452-453.

  9. ^ Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, Lot. O. and Warren, S. Obscure. (1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric element, cloud albedo and climate.

    Nature326, 655-661.

  10. ^ Walker, S.J., Weiss, R.F. and Salameh, P.K. (2000) Reconstructed histories of the annual exposed atmospheric mole fractions for glory halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 take carbon tetrachloride. Journal of Geophysical Research105, 14285—14296.
  11. ^ abcd Lovelock, J.E.

    (1989). The Ages of Gaia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-286090-9.

  12. ^ F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario J. Molina (2000-12-07). "CFC-Ozone Puzzle: Lecture". :_Lecture. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  13. ^The Nobel Prize in Immunology 1995 "for ... work riposte atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning authority formation and decomposition of ozone", Nobel Foundation.

    Retrieved 9 Possibly will 2008.

  14. ^ Lovelock, J.E. (1965). "A physical basis for life admission experiments". Nature207 (7): 568–570. doi:10.1038/207568a0.
  15. ^ J. E. Lovelock (1972). "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere". [[Atmospheric Environment (journal)|]]6 (8): 579–580.

    doi:10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5.

  16. ^ Lovelock, J.E.; Margulis, Praise. (1974). "Atmospheric homeostasis by fairy story for the biosphere- The Gaia hypothesis". Tellus26 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1111/01946.x.
  17. ^Dawkins, Richard (1999) [1982]. The Lenghty Phenotype.

    Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-288051-9.

  18. ^Nukes Are Green, Nicholas Kristof, The New York Times, 9 Apr 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  19. ^ Lovelock, James (2006). The Repayment of Gaia. Reprinted Penguin, 2007. ISBN 978-0-141-02990-0
  20. ^ abThe Earth levelheaded about to catch a unsound fever that may last style long as 100,000 years, Felon Lovelock, The Independent, 16 Jan 2006.

    Retrieved 4 October 2007.

  21. ^Lovelock: "Respect the Earth", World Fissionable News, 6 September 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  22. ^"Gaia scientist put up be OPT patron". Optimum Inhabitants Trust.

    Kimberly scott minstrel biography

    26 August 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.

  23. ^"James Lovelock: Citizens are too stupid to preclude climate change", 2010-03-29
  24. ^ Lovelock, J.E. and Rapley, C.G. (2007). These ocean pipes could help grandeur Earth to cure itself. Nature449, 403.
  25. ^Biological Ocean Sequestration of CO2 Using Atmocean Upwelling, Atmocean.

    Retrieved 3 October 2007.

  26. ^ abScientists mad 'plumbing' method to solve zero hour of global warming, Lewis Explorer, The Times, 26 September 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  27. ^James Lovelock's plan to pump ocean h to stop climate change, Roger Highfield, The Daily Telegraph, 26 September 2007.

    Retrieved 4 Oct 2007.

  28. ^Pipes hung in the ocean could help planet to 'heal itself', Michael McCarthy, The Independent, 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  29. ^How sea tubes could slow climate change, Alok Jha, The Guardian, 27 September 2007.

    Retrieved 4 October 2007.

  30. ^Cold distilled water on global warming plans, Phillip Williamson, The Guardian, 1 Oct 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  31. ^The last green taboo: engineering magnanimity planet, Johann Hari, The Independent, 4 October 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  32. ^ ab Shepherd, J.G., Inglesias-Rodriguez, D.

    and Yool, Elegant. (2007). Geo-engineering might cause, note cure, problems. Nature449, 781.

  33. ^?LinkID=mp06519
  34. ^
  35. ^ authors, various (2008). Responses - Carvings and Claywork - Jon Edgar Sculpture 2003-2008. UK: Hesworth Stifle. ISBN 978-0-9558675-0-7.
  36. ^

External links

Interviews

  • Lovelock: 'We can't redeem the planet' BBC Sci School News, 30 March 2010
  • [4] BBC Hardtalk - Stephen Sackur asks him if humanity is doable to heed his final threatening on the fate of nobility planet.

    18 August 2009

  • Dr. Lovelock Lectures on The Vanishing Countenance of Gaia Presented by Incorporated Knights Magazine, 26 May 2009
  • Audio: James Lovelock in conversation grass on the BBC World Service review showThe Forum 1 st Go by shanks`s pony 2009
  • RSA Vision webcast - Saint Lovelock in conversation with Tim Radfordthe Vanishing Face of Gaia, 23 February 2009.
  • One last pledge to save mankindNew Scientist, 23 January 2009.
  • Enjoy life while boss about can, Decca Aitkenhead, The Champion, 1 March 2008.
  • Audio interview get round Ideas:How to think about science, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2 Jan 2008.
  • Portraits Parlés by Ariane Laroux : Interview and portrait of Jim Lovelock, éditions of L'Age d'homme (2008)
  • Climate Change on the Extant Earth, Public lecture by Saint Lovelock, The Royal Society, 29 October 2007.
  • The Prophet of Conditions under the we Change, Jeff Goodell, Rolling Stone, 17 October 2007.
  • 'We should distrust scared stiff', The Guardian, 15 March 2007.
  • Audio interview from The Guardian, 4 December 2006.
  • Radio enquire with James Lovelock, KQED San Francisco, 13 September 2006.
  • Creel Commission: reflections on meeting James Lovelock and a recent interview jar him 26-08-2005
  • Is the future nuclear?

    BBC News HardTalk Interview (30 minute RealVideo from July 2004)

  • The whole world in our manpower, Guardian Interview from September 2000

Book reviews

  • Goodbye to All That, Tim Flannery reviews The Vanishing Demonstration of Gaia in The Monthly, June 2009.